Satvish Deori is a famous group of 27 small and big Jain temples located in the Chittorgarh fort complex, which is mainly dedicated to the first Jain Tirthankar Lord Adinath (Rishabhdev). 'Saatvish' means twenty-seven in the local Rajasthani language and this temple complex was built in the 11th century in the Maru-Gurjara (Solanki) architectural style. Gagron Fort given in option A is a famous water (Audak) fort situated at the confluence of Ahu and Kalisindh rivers. In option C, Kumbhalgarh Fort was built by Maharana Kumbha, which is famous for its 36 km long strong ramparts and Katargarh. In option D, Mehrangarh fort is Giri fort built in 1459 AD by Rao Jodha situated on Chidiyatuk hill. Hence the correct answer is option B.

The architecture of forts in Rajasthan is very rich. Gagron fort is situated at the confluence of Ahu and Kalisindh rivers in Jhalawar and Bhainsrodgarh fort is called water fort (Audak fort) because it is situated at the confluence of Chambal and Bamni rivers. Chittorgarh, Kumbhalgarh and Ranthambore are the best examples of Giri forts due to their location on the mountains. In the Indian ancient texts Shukraniti and Kautilya's Arthashastra, under the Saptanga theory of the state, the fort is considered an important part and has been classified into Audak (water), Parvat (mountainous), Dhanvan (desert) and forest fort etc. Jalore Fort is situated on the Songiri hill on the banks of Sukdi River, which was built by the Pratihara ruler Nagabhatta I. Hence, all four statements are completely correct and the correct option is D.

Nathmal Ji Ki Haveli of Jaisalmer was built in the second half of the 19th century as the residence of Diwan Nathmal during the time of the then Maharawal Berisal. The task of construction of this mansion was entrusted to two Muslim Silavat architect brothers named 'Hathi' and 'Lalu', who independently decorated both the halves of the mansion without any prior plans. Mandan mentioned in option B was the chief architect of Maharana Kumbha who built the Kumbhalgarh fort. In option C, Depa and Jeta are the architects associated with the construction of Vijay Stambh of Chittorgarh. Hence the correct answer is option C.

Kameshwar Mahadev Temple, located in the Awan area of ​​Pali district, is a temple of the 8th-9th century Gurjara-Pratihar period, which was also the center of faith of the revolutionaries during the revolution of 1857. Sheetaleshwar (Chandramouleshwar) Mahadev Temple, situated on the banks of Chandrabhaga River in Jhalawar, is considered to be the first dated (689 AD) temple of Rajasthan. The ancient temple of Pipla Mata is located in the Pipar area of ​​Jodhpur, which is an important center of regional folk-religious tradition. Neelkanth Mahadev Temple, located near the forests of Sariska in Alwar district, was built in the Pratihara style by the Bargujar ruler Ajaypal in the 10th century. Hence, the correct combination is A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4 and the correct option is D.

The royal family has made a notable contribution to the temple architecture of Jodhpur. Maharaja Mansingh's queen Pratap Kunwari had got a new temple of Teeja Manji established in 1857 AD due to the sinking of the already built temple into the ground. The Mahamandir was built in 1812 AD by Maharaja Mansingh under the influence of his Guru Ayas Devnath as the main center of the Nath sect, which rests on 84 carved pillars. Kunj Bihari Temple is a very grand temple dedicated to Thakur ji which was built by Paswan Gulab Rai of Vijay Singh. The famous Ek Thamba Mahal of Mandore is a unique example of stone architecture which was built by Maharaja Ajit Singh. Hence, all four statements are completely true and the correct answer is option C.

Bhim Lat or Varik Vishnuvardhan Vijay Stambh located in Bayana (ancient name Shripanth) fort is a very important archaeological monument of the Gupta period. According to the Sanskrit inscription engraved on this red sandstone pillar, it was built by Vishnuvardhan, a feudal ruler of the Varik dynasty, a contemporary of the Gupta emperor Samudragupta, in 371-372 AD (Vikram Samvat 428) to commemorate the completion of the Pundarik Yagya. It is also considered to be the first victory pillar of Rajasthan. There is no direct connection of this pillar with the Maurya period, Sultanate period or Mughal period. Hence the correct answer is option C.

Lalgarh Palace in Bikaner was built by Maharaja Ganga Singh in the memory of his father Maharaja Lal Singh between 1902 and 1926 in Indo-Saracenic style with red stones. The ancient Shaktipeeth of Tripura Sundari (Turtai Mata) is situated near Talwara town of Banswara district. The famous water fort of Gagron is located on the banks of Kalisindh and Ahu rivers in Jhalawar district, which has been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Nakoda Tirtha is a famous Jain pilgrimage located near Mevanagar in Balotra (formerly Barmer) district which is dedicated to Lord Parshvanath and Bhairav ​​Ji. Hence, the correct combination is A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2 and the correct option is A.

The systematic development of Jaipur (Dhundhaar) painting style started during the reign of Sawai Jai Singh II (1699-1743 AD). Muhammad Shah was the main painter in the court of Sawai Jai Singh, who created excellent paintings of court splendor and religious subjects. The famous painter Sahibram of this time started the tradition of making life-size portraits, which was later encouraged during the time of Sawai Ishwarisingh and Sawai Madhav Singh. Jaipur style reached its golden period during the time of Sawai Pratap Singh (1778-1803 AD). Hence the correct answer is option A.

The Alwar painting style is a sub-style of the Dhundhaar style, which developed from a fusion of the Mughal and Jaipur styles. This style started independently during the time of Maharaja Pratap Singh and the reign of Maharaja Vinay Singh is called its golden age, during whose time Baldev and Ghulam Ali illustrated Sheikh Saadi's famous book 'Gulistan'. Jamnadas, Buxaram, Nandram, Chhotalal and Saligrama were the major painters in Alwar style. The unique feature of this style is the depiction of courtesans (court dancers) independently and on the margins (Baslo) and the depiction of paintings based on yoga asanas. Nanakram, Sitaram, Badan Singh and Nihalchand were the major painters of Kishangarh style. Hence, all four statements are true and the correct answer is option B.

Mewar style is the original and oldest painting style of Rajasthan, whose main painters were Sahibdin (who depicted Ragamala, Geet Govind, Rasikpriya) and Manohar. Kishangarh style is world famous for its 'Bani-Thani' work whose main painters were Nihalchand, Nanakram, Sitaram and Badan Singh. Deogarh sub-style was brought to light by Dr. Shridhar Andhare, whose main artists were Bagta, Kanwala, Harchand and Chokha. The Kota style is famous for its excellent hunting scenes (which also depicted queens hunting) and its prominent painters were Dalu, Lachchiram and Noor Mohammed. Hence, the correct combination is A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 and the correct option is A.

Nathdwara style is a major sub-style of Mewar painting style, which originated and developed in the Shrinathji temple (Rajsamand), the main center of the Vallabha sect. The most prominent feature of this style is 'Pichhwai' art, in which scenes of Krishna's childhood pastimes, Rasleela and Govardhan Dharana are depicted on cloth curtains in the background behind the idol of child form of Lord Shrinathji. Two women painters named Kamala and Elaichi have made special contribution in this style. Hunting scenes are characteristic of Kota style and depiction of prostitutes is characteristic of Alwar style. Hence the correct option is C.

The Bijolia farmers' movement was India's longest running (1897-1941 AD, total 44 years) non-violent farmers' movement. In 1916, on the request of Sadhu Sitaram Das, Bhup Singh (Vijay Singh Pathik) took over the leadership of the movement and in 1917, on the day of Hariyali Amavasya in Berisal village, he established 'Kisan Punch Board' of which Manna Patel was made the Sarpanch. Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi's 'Pratap' (Kanpur), Madan Mohan Malviya's 'Abhyudaya' (Prayag) and Babu Ambika Prasad Vajpayee's 'Bharat Mitra' (Calcutta) widely publicized the demands of the farmers. Pathik ji went to Wardha and met Gandhiji, after which Gandhiji sent his personal secretary Mahadev Desai to investigate. On 11 February 1922, a committee headed by AGG Robert Holland reached a compromise and abolished 35 unfair taxes. Hence, all four statements are true and the correct answer is option D.

In January 1889, the then AGG of Rajputana. (Agent to the Governor-General) Colonel C.K.M. Due to the efforts of Walter, Rajput Hitkarini Sabha was established in Ajmer. The primary objective of this meeting was to end the social evils prevalent in Rajput society like extravagance, Tyag system (excessive donations given to bards), child marriage and polygamy and to determine the minimum marriage age of boys and girls (18 and 14 years respectively). It had no political or military purpose. Hence the correct answer is option C.

Eki movement was a historical movement for unity and freedom from exploitation in the tribal society of Rajasthan. Motilal Tejawat, born in an Oswal Jain family, was the first Jhadol Thikaan worker, who started the 'Unity Movement' from Matrikundia on Vaishakh Purnima in 1921 (Matrikundia is called Haridwar of Rajasthan) in protest against forced labor and 84 types of labor. He presented a 21-point demand letter 'Call of Mewar' before Maharana Fateh Singh, out of which 18 demands were accepted. On March 7, 1922, the MBC army under the leadership of Major Sutton opened indiscriminate bullets in Neemra (Sabarkantha Agency) in which more than 1200 tribals were martyred. This is called the second Jallianwala Bagh massacre of Rajasthan. Hence, all four statements are true and the correct answer is option B.

Publication of 'Mazharul Saroor' newspaper started from Bharatpur state in 1849 AD. It is considered to be the first newspaper published from the land of Rajasthan (Rajputana). This paper was fortnightly and was published simultaneously in both Hindi and Urdu languages ​​(bilingual). Its main objective was to disseminate administrative information and awaken social consciousness. Option A is incorrect because it was fortnightly not daily. Options B and D are also wrong because it was not an underground or purely peasant paper. Hence the correct answer is option D.

Kesari Singh Barhath (Shahpura, Bhilwara) was a great freedom fighter and poet of Rajasthan. When Maharana Fateh Singh of Mewar was going to attend the Delhi Darbar organized by the British Viceroy Lord Curzon in 1903 AD, Kesari Singh sent a historical letter of 13 verses in Dingal language 'Chetavani Ra Chungtya' to awaken the self-respect of the Maharana. After reading this, Maharana did not attend the court even after reaching Delhi. Kesari Singh had founded 'Veer Bharat Sabha' in 1910 and in the famous Mahant Pyarelal murder case in 1912, he was sentenced to 20 years of rigorous imprisonment and sent to Hazaribagh jail in Bihar. Hence the correct answer is option D.

The integration of Rajasthan took place in a total of 7 phases (8 years, 7 months, 14 days) from 18 March 1948 to 1 November 1956. In the second phase (25 March 1948), 9 princely states and Kushalgarh area were merged, in which Maharao Bhim Singh of Kota became the head. In the third phase (18 April 1948), Maharana Bhupal Singh of Mewar became the head of state and Manikyalal Verma became the prime minister. In the fifth phase (15 May 1949) on the report of Shankarrao Dev Committee (in which R.K. Sidhwa and Prabhudayal were members), Matsya Union was merged into Greater Rajasthan. On 1 November 1956, on the recommendations of the State Reorganization Commission and the 7th Constitutional Amendment, integration was completed by merging Ajmer-Merwara, Abu-Delwara and Sunel Tappa and Sardar Gurmukh Nihal Singh became the first Governor by abolishing the post of Rajpramukh. Hence, all four statements are true and the correct answer is option A.

The main officer who negotiated on behalf of the British Government under the Subordinate Isolation policy promoted by Lord Hastings was Charles Metcalfe, Resident of Delhi. Karauli became the first princely state of Rajasthan to sign this treaty on 9 November 1817, whose ruler was Harbakshpal Singh. Kota signed a treaty on 26 December 1817, the actual Mukhtar of which was Jhala Jalim Singh (by making a supplementary treaty in 1818, the descendants of Jalim Singh were made permanent Faujdar/Dewan of Kota). Jodhpur King Mansingh accepted the subordination treaty on 6 January 1818 and Maharana Bhim Singh of Mewar accepted the subordination treaty on 13 January 1818. Hence, the correct combination is A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 and the correct option is C.

'Tyaag Bhoomi' newspaper was edited and published in 1927 by the famous Gandhian leader Haribhau Upadhyay from Hatundi, Ajmer. The main objective of this paper was to propagate Gandhian constructive programs (Khadi, removal of untouchability, women's education) and to take the freedom struggle to the masses. Haribhau Upadhyay also established 'Gandhi Ashram' and 'Mahila Shiksha Sadan' in Hatundi and was the only Chief Minister of Ajmer-Merwara (Dhara Sabha) (1952-1956). In option A, Jayanarayan Vyas edited 'Aagibaan' (Beawar) and 'Peep'. In option B, Pathik ji had brought out 'Rajasthan Kesari' and 'Naveen Rajasthan'. In option D, Rishidatt Mehta published 'Rajasthan' weekly paper from Beawar. Hence the correct answer is option A.

The Prajamandal movement proved to be extremely decisive for the establishment of responsible governance in Rajasthan. Jhalawar Prajamandal was established on 25 November 1946 under the chairmanship of Mangilal Bhavya, who was also patronized by the then ruler of Jhalawar, Harishchandra. Jaipur Prajamandal was the first Prajamandal of the state, which was established in 1931 by Kapurchand Patni and became active in 1938 under the leadership of Jamnalal Bajaj and Hiralal Shastri. Mewar Prajamandal was established in 1938 by Balwant Singh Mehta (President) and Manikyalal Verma (Chief Executive). Bikaner Prajamandal was established on 4 October 1936 by Magharam Vaidya in Bikaner and later in Calcutta (Sirohi-Bombay, Bharatpur-Rewari and Bikaner-Calcutta are prominent among the Prajamandals formed outside the state). Hence, all four statements are true and the correct answer is option A.

'Prithviraj Raso' is the epic poem of Dingal/Pingal which was composed by Chandbardai, the court poet of Prithviraj Chauhan III, which was completed by his son Jalhan. 'Bisaldev Raso' was composed by Narapati Nalh, which describes the love affair and separation of Chauhan ruler Vigraharaj IV (Bisaldev) of Ajmer and Princess Rajmati of Malwa. 'Khuman Raso' was composed by Dalpat Vijay in which the rulers of Mewar from Bappa Rawal to Maharana Raj Singh are described. 'Ranmal Chhand' is a historical composition of Veer Rasa which was written by Shridhar Vyas to commemorate the victory of Rao Ranmal of Idar over Subedar Zafar Khan of Patan. Hence, the correct combination is A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4 and the correct option is D.

Acharya Udyotan Suri composed the famous Champu poetry 'Kuvalayamala' in Prakrit language in the famous Jain temple of Jalore in 778 AD (Saka Samvat 700) during the reign of Pratihar ruler Vatsaraja. In this book, 18 indigenous languages ​​(Eighteen Desbhasa) prevalent in the then India have been mentioned, in which the language of Marudesh has been called 'Maru Bhasha' (Udyotan Suri addressed it as 'Uile Marue'). This is considered to be the first clear written historical evidence of Rajasthani language (Marubhasha). Hence the correct answer is option A.

The period of Vigraharaja IV (1153-1163 AD) is called the golden age of the Chauhan Empire of Sapadalaksha (Ajmer). He pushed back Amir Hammir (Khusro Shah) of Ghazni and defeated the Tomaras of Delhi and became the first Chauhan emperor to capture Delhi. He wrote the Sanskrit play 'Harakeli' based on Bharavi's 'Kiratarjuniyam', whose lines are inscribed on the Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra (originally Sanskrit Pathshala) and the monument of Raja Rammohan Roy in Bristol. Somdev was his court poet who wrote 'Lalit Vigraharaja' which describes the love of Vigraharaja and princess Desaldevi of Indrapuri. Jayanak has called him 'Kavi Bandhav' because he was a patron of scholars. Hence, all four statements are true and the correct answer is option A.

Vijaydan Detha (1926-2013 AD), fondly called 'Bijji', was a prominent folklorist of Rajasthan. He, along with Komal Kothari, founded 'Rupayan Institute' in Borunda (Jodhpur) in 1960. His immortal work 'Baataan Ri Phulwari' is a 14-volume collection of Rajasthani folktales for which he was given the Central Sahitya Akademi Award (1974). Habib Tanveer made a famous play on his story 'Charandas Chor' and films were made on the story 'Duvidha'. He was awarded Padmashree in 2007 and 'Rajasthan Ratna', the highest civilian award of Rajasthan government in 2012, not Bharat Ratna. Hence option D is a false statement.

Bhapang is an elemental instrument (drum-like) of Alwar-Mewat region whose magicians are considered to be Zahoor Khan Mewati and Umar Farooq Mewati. The stringed instrument is like a long flute made of Kair wood, for playing which Karna Bhil of Jaisalmer was world famous for his long mustache and playing skills. Algoja is the state folk instrument (sushir vadya) of Rajasthan which consists of two flutes played together in the mouth; Ramnath Choudhary of Padmapura village of Jaipur is internationally famous for playing the bassoon with his nose. Khadtal is a cube instrument made from pieces of sheesham wood, whose undisputed emperor was Sadiq Khan Manganiyar. Hence, the correct combination is A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4 and the correct option is D.

Agni Nritya is a very thrilling and famous folk dance of Rajasthan, which originated from Katriyasar village of Bikaner district. This dance is performed by Siddha Jat men of Jasnathi sect. In the fairs and jagrans organized in the memory of Saint Jasnath ji (who propounded 36 rules), the dancers bow before the Guru and enter into the burning embers (Dhuna) shouting the war cry of 'Fateh-Fateh' and perform the tricks of breaking Matira and plowing with the embers. In option A, the Vishnoi sect is promoted by Jambhoji (29 rules). Option C Dadupanth is promoted by Dadu Dayal. Option D Ramsnehi sect is related to Shahpura, Merta, Sinthal and Khedapa Peethas. Hence the correct answer is option D.

Tribal diversity is extremely rich in the folk dances of Rajasthan. Among the dances of Garasia tribe, Walar, Lur, Kood, Mandal, Gaur and Moriya are prominent; Walar dance is called 'Garashi ka Ghoomar' in which no musical instrument is used and men and women dance in a semi-circle with the help of umbrella or sword. The credit for bringing international fame to the Chakri, Sankaria, Panihari and Indoni dances of the Kalbelia caste goes to Gulabo Sapera and it was declared an intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO in 2010. The 'Bam Nritya' of Mewat (Bharatpur-Alwar) is a joyous dance performed by men on a huge drum (Bam) accompanied by Rasiya songs. Hence, all four statements are completely true and the correct answer is option A.

In January 1544 AD, the fierce battle of Giri-Sumel took place near Jaitaran in Pali district between the Rathore ruler of Marwar, Rao Maldev and the Afghan Sultan Shershah Suri of Delhi. Sher Shah, through diplomacy and forged letters, created distrust between the Maldevs and their major chieftains, causing the Maldevs to retreat from the battlefield. But his loyal commanders Jaita and Kumpa, along with only 8,000 to 10,000 warriors, launched a suicide attack on Sher Shah's huge army of 80,000. Frightened by this unexpected bravery, Sher Shah, after offering namaz, somehow won the battle with the help of Jalal Khan Jalwani's reserved contingent and after the victory said this historic sentence: "Boloyo Suri Raj Yun, Giri Sumel Re Kaj. Mooti Khatar Bajri, Kho Deto Hindwan Patsaj." Hence the correct answer is option C.

The archaeological sites of Rajasthan present invaluable links to different eras of Indian history. Ahad (Ayad river valley) was a major center of the Banas culture, where copper axes, bangles and copper smelting furnaces have been found. Excavation of Bagor (Bhilwara) was done by Dr. V.N. Mishra, from where the oldest evidence of Mesolithic small stone tools and animal husbandry has been found in India. Raidh (Tonk) was excavated by Dayaram Sahni and Dr. K.N. Puri, from where Asia's largest hoard of coins (3075 punchmark coins) and a large collection of iron materials were found. In 1837, Captain Burt discovered the Bhabru inscription from Bairath (Hill of Bijak) which mentions Ashoka's allegiance to Buddhist Dhamma-Sangha-Buddha and also found Buddhist stupas and Indo-Greek coins. Hence, all four statements are true and the correct answer is option A.

The main Samadhi place of folk deity Baba Ramdev Ji is Ramdevra (Runicha, Pokaran, Jaisalmer) where a huge fair is organized from Bhadrapada Shukla Dwitiya to Ekadashi, which is a symbol of communal harmony. The main birth and worship place of Pabu ji (god of camels and plague protector) is Kolu Mand (Phalodi) where a fair is organized on Chaitra Amavasya. Teja ji (cow protector and snake bite protector deity) was born in Khadnal and his main nirvana place is Sursura and famous cattle fair place Parbatsar. The main temple of folk deity Rawal Mallinath ji is situated in Tilwara (Balotra) on the banks of Luni river where the oldest cattle fair of the state is organized from Chaitra Krishna Ekadashi to Chaitra Shukla Ekadashi. Hence, the correct combination is A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3 and the correct option is D.

On March 30, 1949, when 'Greater Rajasthan' was formed by merging four big princely states - Jaipur, Jodhpur, Bikaner and Jaisalmer into United Rajasthan, the then Maharaja of Jaipur Sawai Mansingh II was appointed the lifelong head of Rajasthan. Maharana Bhupal Singh of Udaipur was given the special post of 'Maharaja Pramukh' and Maharao Bhim Singh of Kota became the Deputy Rajpramukh. With the implementation of the 7th Constitutional Amendment on 1 November 1956, the post of Rajpramukh ended and the system of the post of Governor came into force. Hence the correct answer is option A.

Folk jewelery and social customs have a special place in the culture of Rajasthan. The main ear ornaments of women include Toti, Karnaphool, Peepal Panna, Angothya, Jhela, Tops, Morfvar and Suraliya. 'Aanau' is the marital ritual in Rajasthan when, after child marriage, when the bride attains adulthood, she is formally sent off for the second time to her in-laws' house, which is also called Gauna or Muklava. Head ornaments include Memand, Sheeshphool, Borlo, Rakhri, Tikli and Sankali. The special ornament worn on two fingers of the hand is called Damana and the glass ornament worn on the thumb is called Arsi. Hence, all four statements are true and the correct answer is option C.

The semi-arid desert part of western Rajasthan located between 25 cm to 50 cm isobar is called 'Rajasthan Bangar'. It is geographically divided into four distinct sub-regions: 1. Ghaggar plain (northern part - alluvial bed area of Ganganagar, Hanumangarh and Anupgarh), 2. Shekhawati interfluent region (sandy area of Churu, Sikar, Jhunjhunu where Johar and Beed meet), 3. Nagauri highlands (area of salty lakes and fluoride-rich hump belt), and 4. Luni Basin. Or Godwad region (drainage area of Luni and its tributaries in Pali, Jalore, Balotra and Barmer). In options B, C and D, parts of the eastern plains and south-eastern plateau are given. Hence the correct answer is option A.

Among the peaks of the Aravalli range, Gurushikhar (Mount Abu, Sirohi) with a height of 1722 meters is the highest mountain peak in Rajasthan and the entire Central India (Colonel Tod called it 'the peak of the saints'). The second highest peak 'Ser' (Sirohi) is 1597 meters high. The third highest peak 'Delwara' (Sirohi) is 1442 meters high. The fourth highest peak 'Jarga' (Udaipur-Rajsamand border) is 1431 meters high. After this comes Achalgarh (1380 m), Abu Parvat (1295 m) and Kumbhalgarh (1224 m). Hence, the correct combination is A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3 and the correct option is A.

The central and northern extension of Aravali is very important from strategic point of view. Raghunathgarh (Sikar) under the Shekhawati Hills in the Northern Aravalli is the highest peak with 1055 m; Apart from this, Malkhet (1052 m), Lohagarl (1051 m) and Harshnath (820 m) are located in Sikar-Jhunjhunu. The Central Aravalli spread mainly in Ajmer and Beawar, where Gauramji/Morarji (Todgarh) in Beawar is the highest peak with 934 metres. The historical Taragarh of Ajmer is 873 meters high and Nag Pahad, the origin of Luni river, is 795 meters high. Kho (920 m), Jaigarh (648 m), Nahargarh (599 m) and Barwada peaks in Jaipur are part of the Northern Aravali. Hence, all four statements are true and the correct answer is option D.

Dora Parvat (869 m), Roza Bhakar (730 m), Israna Bhakar (839 m) and Jharol Bhakar are situated in the Jaswantpura hills in Jalore district. In Alwar district, near Thanagaji, Udayanath mountain (from where Ruparel river originates) and the northern extension of Aravali are situated (note that Harsh mountain is in Sikar while Harshanath hill is also in Alwar). Jaisalmer's Suvarnagiri Durg (Sonar Fort) is situated on the Trikut hill (whereas the Kaila Devi temple of Karauli is on the Trikut hill). The crescent-shaped Aravalli range in Bundi district is locally known as 'Adawala Mountains' whose highest peak is Sattur (353 m). Hence, the correct combination is A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2 and the correct option is B.

Hadoti plateau (Deccan lava plateau and Vindhyan ledge) is spread in the south-eastern part of Rajasthan (Kota, Bundi, Baran, Jhalawar). On this plateau, the Mukandra hills spread between Kota and Jhalawar in a north-west to south-east direction for a length of about 120 km. The highest peak of the Mukandra mountain range is 'Chandwadi' (517 m) which is located in Kota district. In option B, Sattur (353 m) is the highest peak in the Bundi hills. In option C, Ramgarh crater of Baran is a celestial crater structure formed by the fall of a meteorite. Hence the correct answer is option B.

Dr. Vladimir Köppen divided the climate of Rajasthan into four major regions on the basis of vegetation, temperature and rainfall: 1. Aw (savanna-like ultra-humid climate): It is spread in Vagad (Banswara-Dungarpur) and Hadoti (Jhalawar-Kota) of South Rajasthan. 2. BWhw (Xerophyte/thorny scrub dry desert): Western Thar Desert (Jaisalmer, Bikaner) with minimum rainfall (10-20 cm). 3. BShw (Steppe-like semi-arid climate): Western solstice region of Aravalli (Jalore, Pali, Nagaur, Shekhawati) with 20 to 40 cm rainfall. 4. Cwg (Gangetic sub-humid climate with dry winter): Eastern plains districts (Alwar, Bharatpur, Jaipur, Dausa, Tonk). Hence, all four statements are completely true and the correct answer is option D.

Two branches of summer monsoon enter Rajasthan - the Arabian Sea branch and the Bay of Bengal branch. The branch of the Bay of Bengal enters from the east and south-east direction, hence these humid monsoon winds are called 'Purvaiyan' in the local language. Most of the monsoon rainfall in the state (about 90%) comes from these easterlies. In option A, 'Mavath' is the cyclonic rain caused by Western Disturbances in the Mediterranean during winter (December-January), which is called 'Golden Drops' for Rabi crops (especially wheat and gram). 'Loo' in option C is the extremely hot and dry winds that blow during summer. 'Babhulya' in option D is a cyclonic dust storm generated by local low air pressure. Hence the correct answer is option A.

The Aravali mountain range of Rajasthan serves as a major great Indian watershed. The drainage system of the state is divided into three parts: 1. Internal drainage system (about 60.2%): The rivers which do not fall into any sea but end up in sand or lakes (Ghaggar, Kantli, Kakani, Sabi, Mentha, Rupangarh, Ruparel). 2. Bay of Bengal drainage system (about 22.4%): Chambal and its tributaries (Banas, Bedach, Kothari, Kalisindh, Parvati) which carry water to the Bay of Bengal via Yamuna. 3. Arabian Sea drainage system (about 17.4%): Luni (in the Rann of Kutch), Western Banas (in the Gulf of Kutch), and Mahi and Sabarmati (in the Gulf of Khambhat). Hence, all four statements are true and the correct answer is option D.

The Banas River ('Hope of the Forest' or Vashishthi) originates in the Khamnor hills near Kumbhalgarh in Rajsamand district and flows 512 km to join the Chambal at Rameshwar Dham in Sawai Madhopur. The Bedach River originates from the Gogunda hills in Udaipur (before Udayasagar Lake it is called Ayad). The Sabi river originates from the Sewar hills of Jaipur, passes through Alwar and merges near Pataudi in Haryana. Ruparel (Varaha or Laswari) river originates from Udaynath hill in Thanagaji of Alwar and supplies water to Sikri Dam and Moti Lake in Bharatpur. Hence, the correct combination is A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4 and the correct option is D.

There are many important Triveni Sangams of rivers in Rajasthan. Banas, Bedach and Menal rivers confluence near Bigod town of Mandalgarh tehsil in Bhilwara district. In option A, the famous Triveni confluence of Chambal, Banas and Seep is formed at Padra/Rameshwaram Ghat in Sawai Madhopur district. In option C, the Triveni confluence of Banas, Khari and Dai rivers is formed at Rajmahal in Deoli tehsil of Tonk district. In option D, the Triveni confluence of Som, Mahi and Jakham is formed at Beneshwar Dham (Navatapura) of Aspur tehsil of Dungarpur district, which is called 'Kumbh of tribals'. Hence the correct answer is option B.

The National Lake Conservation Program (NLCP) is being run by the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change for the restoration of polluted lakes in urban and semi-urban areas (in which the financial ratio of Center and State is 60:40). It includes a total of 6 lakes of Rajasthan: 1. Fatehsagar (Udaipur), 2. Pichola (Udaipur), 3. Anasagar (Ajmer), 4. Pushkar (Ajmer), 5. Nakki Lake (Mount Abu, Sirohi), and 6. Mansagar Lake (Jalmahal, Jaipur). Swaroop Sagar or Udai Sagar lakes of Udaipur are not included in this programme. Hence, all four statements are true and the correct answer is option A.

According to the Scientific Soil Classification System, the soils of Rajasthan are divided into 5 groups: 1. Vertisols: Medium black cottony soil with excessive clay content, which has high water holding capacity and 'self-ploughing' properties, it is mainly found in Hadoti division (Kota, Bundi, Baran, Jhalawar). 2. Aridisols: Western dry and desert sand soils. 3. Alfisols: Mature alluvial/loamy soils of the eastern plains (Jaipur, Dausa, Alwar). 4. Inceptisols: Semi-humid soils of the Aravali mountain slopes (Sirohi, Rajsamand, Udaipur). 5. Entisols: Yellow-brown sandy soil found in most area in the state. Hence the correct answer is option C.

Dry teak forests are found in southern Rajasthan (Banswara, Dungarpur, Pratapgarh, Jhalawar) with rainfall of 75 to 110 cm, which constitute about 7% of the total forests. Salar forest (Boswellia serrata) is found on the Aravalli slopes (Alwar, Udaipur, Rajsamand, Sirohi) at an altitude of more than 450 meters, whose wood is useful for packing and gum. Dhokra (Anogeissus pendula) is the main tree found in the largest area (about 58%) in Rajasthan which is widespread in Sawai Madhopur, Karauli, Bundi etc. Subtropical montane evergreen forests constitute less than 0.5% of the total forest area of ​​the state and are found only in the areas above 1200 meters of Mount Abu (Sirohi) where mango, bamboo, blackberries are found. Hence, the correct combination is A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4 and the correct option is D.

Two very popular and high productivity varieties of maize, 'Mahi Kanchan' and 'Mahi Dhaval', have been developed by the Agricultural Research Station (ARS) Borkheda, Banswara (the famous rice variety 'Mahi Sugandha' was also developed here). 'RCB-911', Raj-171, RHB-30 and RCB-2 are the major hybrid varieties of millet developed by Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner. The major varieties of wheat are Kalyan Sona, Sonalika, Raj-3077 and Raj-3765. Major varieties of barley include Jyoti, Kailash and Bilara-2. Hence the correct answer is option B.

The development of agro-based industries in Rajasthan has been historic. The first cotton textile mill of the state was established in the private sector by Damodar Das Rathi in 1889 at Beawar (Ajmer). Maharaja Umaid Mills of Pali (1942) is the largest cotton textile mill in the state and Bhilwara has the status of 'Textile City'. In the sugar industry, the first mill in the private sector was established in 1932 at Bhopalsagar (Chittorgarh). India's first experiment in making sugar from sugar beet took place in Ganganagar Sugar Mills (public sector) in 1968. 'SPINFED' was formed in 1993 by merging Gulabpura, Gangapur and Hanumangarh spinning mills in the cooperative sector. Hence, all four statements are true and the correct answer is option C.

Khadin is an ancient and scientific technique of rain water conservation and rainfed agriculture in western Rajasthan (especially Jaisalmer district). It was developed by the talented 'Paliwal Brahmins' of Jaisalmer in the 15th century. In this, rain water is stopped by building an earthen dam on the low level land between the sloping sand hills on both sides. When the water dries up or seeps underground, then rich Rabi crops (wheat, gram, mustard) are grown on that moist fertile land without any additional irrigation. Hence the correct answer is option C.

The Mahi Bajaj Sagar Project was constructed in joint partnership between Rajasthan and Gujarat under the Inter-State Agreement of 1966. In this, Rajasthan's share in the cost of the dam and water distribution is fixed at 45% and Gujarat's share at 55%. But Rajasthan has 100% rights on all 140 MW hydropower produced from this project (this agreement was made for the development of tribal dominated Dakshinanchal). Mahi Bajaj Sagar Dam built at Borkheda (Banswara) is the longest dam of Rajasthan with a length of 3109 meters. Apart from this, Anandpuri and Sagwara canals have been taken out from Kagdi Pickup (Banswara) for irrigation command and Kadana Dam has been constructed in Panchmahal district of Gujarat. Hence, all four statements are true and the correct answer is option B.

According to the final data of Census 2011, the total literacy rate of Rajasthan is 66.11% (Male: 79.19%, Female: 52.12%). The highest literacy rate in the state is recorded in Kota district (76.6%) (followed by Jaipur at 75.5% and Jhunjhunu at 74.1%). The lowest literacy rate in the state is recorded in Jalore district (54.9%) (followed by Sirohi 55.3% and Pratapgarh 56.0%). In female literacy also, Kota (65.9%) is at the top and Jalore (38.5%) is at the bottom. Hence the correct answer is option C.

The 2011 census presents an authentic picture of the demographic profile of the state. The state's decadal growth during 2001-2011 was 21.31% (Barmer 32.5% and Jaisalmer 31.8% highest; Ganganagar 10% and Jhunjhunu 11.7% lowest). The overall sex ratio of the state is 928 (Dungarpur 994 and Rajsamand 990 at the top; Dholpur 846 and Jaisalmer 852 at the lowest). The sex ratio of Pali in rural areas is 1003, the highest in the state and the only district to cross 1000. In urban areas, the highest sex ratio is in Tonk (985) and Banswara (964) and the lowest in Jaisalmer (807). Hence, all four statements are true and the correct answer is option C.

Major reserves of lead-zinc (galena) are located in Rampura-Agucha (world class high quality reserves) of Bhilwara, Jawar and Debari of Udaipur, and Rajpura-Dariba of Rajsamand. Major copper areas are Khetri-Singhana and Chandmari in Jhunjhunu, Neem ka Thana in Sikar and Kho-Dariba and Bhagoni in Alwar. Degana (Revant Hill) of Nagaur has been India's biggest mine for tungsten (wolframite) and Walda and Abu-Revdar area of ​​Sirohi is famous. Manganese is mainly extracted from the mines of Lilwani, Kalakhunta, Talwara, Naradia and Timmamori in Banswara district. Hence, the correct combination is A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3 and the correct option is B.

Rajasthan is called the 'museum of minerals' where 81 types of minerals are found and 58 are commercially exploited. Rajasthan has 100% monopoly in the production of three major minerals – Lead-Zinc Ore, Wollastonite and Selenite in the entire country (i.e. almost all their production in India takes place in Rajasthan only). Apart from this, Rajasthan also ranks top in the country in silver, calcite, gypsum and marble. Odisha has monopoly in Bauxite and Odisha also has monopoly in Chromite. Hence the correct answer is option C.

In Rajasthan, high grade brown coal (lignite) is found in Tertiary (Eocene) rocks. Kapurdi-Jalipa and Giral (where the state's first lignite based gasification thermal power plant was built) are prominent in Barmer. Palana of Bikaner is known for its best quality and resinous lignite and Barsinghsar has a thermal power plant operated by NLC. Mining work is done by RSMML at Merta Road and Kasnau-Matasukh in Nagaur. Hence, all four statements are true and the correct answer is option C.

Kalisindh Super Critical Thermal Power Plant is established on the banks of Kalisindh River near Undel village of Jhalrapatan tehsil of Jhalawar district. It is the fourth super thermal power plant in the state operated by Rajasthan Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited (RVUNL) with a total installed capacity of 1200 MW (2 units of 600 MW each). The main feature of this plant is that Asia's tallest cooling tower of state-of-the-art technology has been constructed in it. In option A, Chhabra Super Thermal Power Plant and Kawai Adani Power Plant are located in Baran district. In option B, Kota Super Thermal Power Station is located near Kota Barrage. Hence the correct answer is option A.

Rajasthan declares ecologically sensitive areas as 'Conservation Reserves' under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. 'Rankhar' located in Chitalwana tehsil of Jalore became the 16th conservation reserve of the state which is protected for wild donkeys and chinkara. In Baran district, the dense forest areas of Sorsan (famous for Godavan and blackbuck) and Shahbad are declared protected. Hamirgarh and Beed Ghas Phoolia Khurd are bird and wildlife conservation centers in Bhilwara. Jhunjhunu district has protected areas such as Mansa Mata (Udaipurwati), Beed (near Jhunjhunu city) and Bansiyal-Khetri tiger corridor. Hence, all four statements are completely true and the correct answer is option A.

Rajasthan Forest Department has declared a wildlife mascot for each district to increase public awareness about wildlife conservation. The mascot of Bhilwara is the national bird 'Peacock'. Churu's mascot is the 'Krishnamrig' (black deer) because of the Talchhapar Sanctuary. The mascot of Sawai Madhopur is 'Tiger' because of Ranthambore National Park. The mascot of Jaisalmer is 'Godavan' (Great Indian Bustard), the state bird of the National Desert Park. Other major mascots are Chital of Jaipur, Kuranja bird of Jodhpur, Bear of Jalore and Swan of Tonk. Hence, the correct combination is A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4 and the correct option is D.

Special tourism circuits have been developed in Rajasthan to attract international and domestic tourists. The most famous of these is the 'Desert Triangle' circuit, which connects the three historical and cultural centers of the Thar Desert - Bikaner, Jaisalmer and Jodhpur (in recent years, by adding Barmer, it has been given the form of a desert quadrilateral, but the original desert triangle includes Bikaner, Jaisalmer and Jodhpur). In option C, Mount Abu, Ranakpur, Jalore is called 'Godwad Circuit'. Kota, Bundi, Jhalawar are part of 'Hadoti Circuit'. Hence the correct answer is option D.

The Governor is the constitutional head of the state. Article 154 hands over all the executive powers of the state to the Governor, which he exercises on the advice of the Council of Ministers. Article 200 gives the Governor the prerogative to give assent to bills or reserve them for the President's consideration under Article 201 (such as bills reducing the powers of the High Court). Article 213 empowers it to issue ordinances as an emergency legislative power, which must be approved within 6 weeks of the commencement of the assembly session. After state reorganization, on 1 November 1956, Sardar Gurmukh Nihal Singh became the first Governor of Rajasthan and he served for the longest tenure (1956-1962). Hence, all four statements are true and the correct answer is option A.

President's rule has been imposed in Rajasthan four times: 1. 1967 (1st): During the time of Mohanlal Sukhadia (due to hung assembly, Governor Dr. Sampurnanand). 2. 1977 (II): During the time of Haridev Joshi (Assembly dissolved when Janata Party government came to power at the Centre, Acting Governor Vedpal Tyagi). 3. 1980 (3rd): During the time of Bhairon Singh Shekhawat (on the return of Congress government at the Centre, Governor Raghukul Tilak, this was the shortest duration President's rule). 4. 1992-1993 (IV): During the tenure of Bhairon Singh Shekhawat (Governor M. Chenna Reddy, after the demolition of Babri Masjid, this was the longest duration President's rule). Thus Bhairon Singh Shekhawat faced President's rule twice (1980 and 1992). Hence the correct answer is option B.

The 91st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003 made important amendments to Articles 75 and 164 to prevent uncontrolled expansion of the Council of Ministers at the Center and in the States. According to Article 164(1A), the total number of ministers including the Chief Minister in the State Council of Ministers shall not exceed 15% of the total membership of the Legislative Assembly, but the minimum number of ministers in any state shall not be less than 12 (exception of 7 for small states like Sikkim, Mizoram, Goa). The number of members of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly is 200, hence 15% of 200 = 30 ministers (maximum including the Chief Minister). A member disqualified on the basis of defection under Article 164(1B) also becomes ineligible to hold the post of minister. Hence, all four statements are true and the correct answer is option C.

Mohanlal Sukhadia is the politician who served as the Chief Minister of Rajasthan for the longest time (from 13 November 1954 to 9 July 1971 - a total of 16 years 194 days), who is called the 'creator of modern Rajasthan'. He took oath as Chief Minister four times (1954, 1957, 1962, 1967). During his tenure the divisional system was abolished (1962), Parliamentary Secretaries were appointed for the first time and the first President's rule was imposed in 1967. In option A, Haridev Joshi took oath 3 times. In option C, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat took oath 3 times. In option D, Ashok Gehlot also took oath 3 times. Hence the correct answer is option A.

Many Chief Ministers of Rajasthan have made important contributions to central politics. Tikaram Paliwal was elected as an independent Lok Sabha MP in 1962. Ashok Gehlot was a Lok Sabha member and Union Minister 5 times. Vasundhara Raje was a 5-time Lok Sabha MP from Jhalawar. Shivcharan Mathur and Jagannath Pahadia were also Lok Sabha members. The Rajya Sabha was represented by Jayanarayan Vyas, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat and Jagannath Pahadia. Jagannath Pahadia is the only Chief Minister to be a member of both the Houses (Lok Sabha 1957, 1967, 1971, 1980 and Rajya Sabha 1978). Haridev Joshi (who was a member of the Assembly for 10 consecutive terms) and Barkatullah Khan never reached the Lok Sabha. Hence, all four statements are true and the correct answer is option D.

In the parliamentary history of Rajasthan Assembly, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat (who was the Chief Minister thrice) was also the leader of opposition in various assemblies. Haridev Joshi was the Leader of Opposition in the Assembly before and after becoming the Chief Minister. Vasundhara Raje has also played the role of Leader of Opposition in the 13th and 15th Assembly. In contrast, Ashok Gehlot and Shivcharan Mathur have never held the post of Leader of Opposition in the Rajasthan Assembly (whenever Ashok Gehlot came to the Assembly, he was directly in the ruling party or on the post of Chief Minister). Hence the correct answer is option D.

Narottam Lal Joshi (Jhunjhunu) became the Speaker of the first Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan (1952-1957) (Lal Singh Shaktawat became the first Deputy Speaker). Ramniwas Mirdha holds the record of being the Speaker for the longest period by being the Speaker for 10 consecutive years in the second and third assembly (1957-1967). Poonamchand Vishnoi is the only leader of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly who held all three important positions of Protem Speaker (thrice), Deputy Speaker and later Speaker (1980-1985). Sumitra Singh was elected the first woman Assembly Speaker of Rajasthan in the 12th Legislative Assembly (2003–2008). Hence, the correct combination is A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4 and the correct option is C.

There are a total of 22 standing committees in the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly, of which there are 4 financial committees: 1. Public Accounts Committee (PAC), 2. Estimates Committee 'A', 3. Estimates Committee 'B', and 4. Committee on Public Undertakings (COPU). According to parliamentary tradition, the tenure of these committees is 1 year and they are elected from among the assembly members through proportional representation system. To ensure accountability of the executive, no minister is made a member of these committees; If a member becomes a minister, his membership ceases. There is a clear division of departments between Estimates Committee 'A' and 'B' (Home Department does not come under the control of Estimates Committee 'A'). Hence, all four statements are true and the correct answer is option B.

Adjournment motion (Stop work motion) is an extraordinary parliamentary procedure by which the normal daily proceedings of the House are stopped and any matter of urgent and serious public importance that has happened recently is discussed. Under its rules: 1. Prior permission of the Speaker is required, 2. Only one proposal can be brought in a meeting, 3. The subject should be clear, factual and related to the direct responsibility of the State Government. Option C is incorrect because question of privilege cannot be raised by an adjournment motion; There is a separate rule of 'Privilege Motion' for breach of privilege. Hence the correct answer is option C.

According to Article 55 of the Constitution, the formula for determining the vote value of each MLA of the State Assembly in the Presidential election is: [Total population of the State (1971 census)] / [Total number of elected members of the State Assembly × 1000. According to the 84th Constitutional Amendment (2001), until the first census is published after the year 2026, the basis of population will remain the 1971 census. The 1971 population of Rajasthan, 2,57,65,806, divided by 200 × 1000, comes to 128.829, which is rounded to 129. Therefore, in the 2022 Presidential elections, the vote value of each MLA of Rajasthan was 129. Hence the correct answer is option A.

Under the Rajasthan High Court Ordinance, 1949, on 29 August 1949, Rajpramukh Sawai Mansingh inaugurated the High Court at Jodhpur and Kamalkant Verma became the first CJ (after the implementation of the Constitution, the first CJ was Kailashnath Wanchoo). At the time of state reorganisation, the Satyanarayana Rao Committee, formed to resolve the dispute over capital and judiciary, recommended keeping the capital at Jaipur and the High Court at Jodhpur, under which the Jaipur bench was abolished in 1958. But on public demand, the permanent bench was restarted in Jaipur from 31 January 1977 by the ordinance of 1976. According to Article 217(1), in the appointment of other judges of the High Court, consultation of the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the concerned State and the Chief Justice of that High Court is mandatory. Hence, all four statements are completely true and the correct answer is option A.

Justice Farooq Hasan is a unique example in the legal and political history of Rajasthan. He was elected MLA (MLA) from Sawai Madhopur constituency in the 1972 assembly elections and held the post of Minister of State in the Barkatullah Khan cabinet. He later served as a judge of the Rajasthan High Court from 1985 to 1994 through judicial service and advocacy. The other judges (Justice Yameen, Justice Didwania, Justice Meena) had held only judicial posts and were never ministers of state. Hence the correct answer is option D.

Article 229 of the Indian Constitution ensures the administrative autonomy of the High Court. Under this, the Chief Justice has the exclusive right to appoint the employees and officers of the High Court and make administrative rules. The Registrar General is the top administrative officer of the High Court, who is generally a judicial officer of the senior District and Sessions Judge cadre of the state. On April 20, 2024, Pramil Kumar Mathur took charge as Registrar General of Rajasthan High Court. The principal bench of the High Court is functioning in Jodhpur and the division bench is functioning in Jaipur. Hence, all four statements are true and the correct answer is option C.

Under Article 243ZD of the Constitution, there is a provision for a District Planning Committee (DPC) in each district to consolidate the plans prepared by the Panchayats and Municipalities. In Rajasthan, under the District Planning Committee Rules 1991, there are a total of 25 members, of whom 80% (20 members) are elected from amongst the elected representatives of the rural and urban areas of the district in proportion to the population. Before the year 2004, the District Collector was its Chairman, but after the amendment of 2004, in order to strengthen the democratic decentralization of the three-tier Panchayati Raj, the 'District Chief' was made the Chairman of the District Planning Committee and the District Collector was given the status of ex-officio Member Secretary/Member. Hence the correct answer is option D.

The Rajasthan Municipal Act, 2009 (effective from 15 September 2009) is the basic law of urban local self-government of the state. Under Section 6, the State Government has the power to nominate/co-opt persons having special experience in municipal administration (12 in the Municipal Corporation, 8 in the Municipal Council and 6 in the Municipal Board). Section 74 makes it mandatory to maintain records and maps of all immovable properties of the municipality. There are 3 tier urban bodies in the state: Municipality (Chairman + Executive Officer/EO), Municipal Council (Chairman + Commissioner), and Municipal Corporation (Mayor + Chief Executive Officer/CEO). Hence, all four statements are true and the correct answer is option B.

Section 89 of the Rajasthan Panchayati Raj Act, 1994 deals with the constitution and cadre provisions of 'Rajasthan Panchayat Samiti and Zilla Parishad Service'. The State Government passed the Rajasthan Panchayati Raj (Amendment) Act, 2021 to amend Section 89 and change the traditional designation of 'Gram Sevak' to 'Village Development Officer - VDO' to accurately reflect the modern administrative role and responsibilities of this post in rural development and Panchayati Raj. Hence the correct answer is option B.

Gram Sabha is the primary unit of direct democracy. Under Article 243A, all citizens registered in the electoral roll of the Panchayat are members of the Gram Sabha. In Rajasthan, 4 mandatory meetings are organized in a year (26 January - Republic Day, 1 May - Labor Day, 15 August - Independence Day, 2 October - Gandhi Jayanti) and in special circumstances, meetings can also be held on 8 March (Women's Day) and 14 November. In scheduled areas, a joint meeting of Gram Sabhas can be called to consider collective matters under PESA rules (2011). The quorum of the meeting is 1/10 of the total members. Hence, all four statements are completely true and the correct answer is option D.

Part 14 of the Constitution contains detailed provisions for State Public Service Commissions. Under Article 316, the Chairman and members of RPSC are appointed by the Governor and their term of office is 6 years or till the age of 62 years. Under Article 317, the Governor can appoint him but cannot remove him; The power of removal rests only with the President (on the grounds of misconduct after a Supreme Court inquiry report). Article 320(3) makes it mandatory for the state government to consult the RPSC in recruitment, promotion, transfer and disciplinary matters. Under Article 323, the RPSC submits its annual report to the Governor, which the Governor gets tabled in the State Assembly. Hence, the correct combination is A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3 and the correct option is A.

The Rajasthan Human Rights Commission was constituted on 18 January 1999 under Section 21 of the Human Rights Protection Act, 1993 and became operational in March 2000 with the appointment of the first Chairperson, Justice Kanta Bhatnagar. The original Act had 1+4 members, which was reduced by the 2006 amendment to 1 Chairman + 2 Members. After the amendment of 2019, now any former judge of the High Court can also become the President. According to section 22, the appointment is made by the Governor on the recommendation of the selection committee; This committee consists of the Chief Minister (Chairman), Home Minister, Assembly Speaker and Leader of Opposition in the Assembly. Hence, all four statements are true and the correct answer is option C.

The institution of Lokayukta in Rajasthan was established under the Act of 1973, which is a statutory independent body to investigate allegations of corruption, abuse of office and inaction against public servants. Ministers, ministers of state, district heads, heads, mayors of municipal corporations and chairpersons of autonomous corporations come under its jurisdiction. But under Section 2 and Section 7, the following posts have been kept out of the purview of Lokayukta: 1. Governor, 2. Chief Minister, 3. Judges of High Court and District Court, 4. Accountant General (CAG representative), 5. Chairman and members of RPSC, 6. Chief Election Commissioner and Election Officer, 7. Employees of the Assembly Secretariat, and 8. Sarpanch and Panch of Gram Panchayats. Hence the correct answer is option B.

By the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, an independent constitutional provision was made for the State Election Commission to conduct regular elections of local bodies. In Rajasthan, by issuing an order on 17 June 1994, Amar Singh Rathore was appointed the first State Election Commissioner in July 1994. It is a one-member commission whose service conditions are determined by the Governor. This institution is not under the Election Commission of India; The Election Commission of India conducts elections for Parliament and Assembly, whereas the State Election Commission conducts elections only for Panchayats and Municipalities. The process of removing the State Election Commissioner from office is based on special majority, similar to that of a High Court judge. Hence, all four statements are true and the correct answer is option B.

Rajasthan State Information Commission was established on 13 April 2006 under Section 15 of the Right to Information Act, 2005 and on 18 April 2006, M.D. Kaurani took charge as the first Chief Information Commissioner. The Commission may have 1 Chief Information Commissioner and a maximum of 10 Information Commissioners. According to Section 15(3), they are appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of a 3-member committee: 1. The Chief Minister (Chairman), 2. The Leader of the Opposition in the Assembly, and 3. A Cabinet Minister nominated by the Chief Minister. The Chief Justice of the High Court is not a member of this committee (CJ of the High Court is in the Lokayukta Selection Committee). Hence option D is the wrong statement and the correct answer is option D.

The concept of Citizen's Charter was first introduced by British Prime Minister John Major in 1991. It has six key principles: 1. Quality (excellence of services), 2. Choice (freedom of choice to the consumer/citizen), 3. Standards (fixed time and level of service delivery), 4. Value (good use of taxpayers' money), 5. Accountability (administrative accountability), and 6. Transparency (open access to procedures). It was implemented in India after the 1997 Chief Ministers' Conference. In Rajasthan, it was adopted by the Food and Civil Supplies Department in 1998 and the Board of Revenue in 1999. The Citizen's Charter is not legally enforceable (justifiable) in courts. Hence, the correct combination is A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4 and the correct option is B.

According to the Cabinet Mission Plan, the total number of members of the Constituent Assembly was fixed at 389, of which 296 seats were for British India and 93 seats were for the princely states. The 296 members of the British provinces were elected indirectly by members of the provincial assemblies by single transferable vote (on the basis of limited suffrage, not universal adult suffrage). 93 representatives of the princely states were nominated by the rulers of the princely states in consultation with the Negotiation Committee. Therefore, the Indian Constituent Assembly was not a fully elected or fully nominated body but a partially elected and partially nominated multi-party body. Hence the correct answer is option C.

The functioning of the Constituent Assembly began on 9 December 1946 in the Constituent Hall (Central Hall) where the senior most member, Dr. Sachchidanand Sinha became the pro tempore President (Frank Anthony was the pro tempore Vice President). On 11 December, Dr. Rajendra Prasad became the permanent president unopposed (B.N. Rao was appointed constitutional advisor). It took 2 years, 11 months, 18 days to draft the Constitution and the Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 in a total of 11 formal sessions. A special 12th session took place on 24 January 1950, in which the national anthem and anthem were approved, Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected President and 284 members signed the original copies of the Constitution (the first signature was done by Jawaharlal Nehru). Hence, all four statements are true and the correct answer is option C.

The Constituent Assembly had constituted 22 main committees to run its huge work smoothly. The drafting committee was formed on 29 August 1947, whose 7 members were headed by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was. Chairman of the Working Committee, Dr. K.M. Munshi (who was present in maximum 6 committees). The Chairman of the Sangh Shakti Committee and the Federal Constitution Committee was Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru who advocated a powerful Centre. Sardar Patel was the Chairman of the Consultative Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribal Areas (with the Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee headed by J.B. Kripalani and the Minorities Sub-Committee headed by H.C. Mukherjee). Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the chairman of the steering committee and rules committee. Hence, the correct combination is A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3 and the correct option is C.

The First Constitutional Amendment Act, 1951 was the first amendment in the constitutional history of India. There were no general elections at that time and the 'Interim Parliament' (the Constituent Assembly itself was functioning as the legislature) functioning since 1950 was unicameral, hence this amendment was passed only by the Interim Parliament because the Rajya Sabha was formed in May 1952. By this amendment, '9th Schedule' and Articles 31A and 31B were added to the Constitution to protect the Zamindari abolition laws from judicial review by the courts. Also, new grounds like public order, incitement to crime and friendly relations with foreign states were added to Article 19(2) to impose 'reasonable restrictions' on freedom of speech and expression. Right to property was removed by 44th amendment 1978. Hence the correct answer is option C.

The Basic Structure Doctrine is the supreme contribution of the Indian Judiciary. In Shankari Prasad (1951) and Sajjan Singh (1965), Parliament was considered to have full power of amendment, which was overturned by Justice Subbarao's bench in Golaknath case (1967) and said that Parliament cannot curtail the fundamental rights. Against this, Parliament brought the 24th Amendment (1971). In the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), CJI S.M. The largest bench of 13 judges, headed by Sikri, gave a historic decision that Parliament can amend any part under Article 368, but cannot destroy the 'basic structure' of the Constitution. In the Indira Gandhi case against the 39th Amendment in 1975, free elections and in the Minerva Mills case in 1980, judicial review and the balance of Part III and Part IV were considered as the basic framework. Hence, all four statements are true and the correct answer is option A.

Among the fundamental rights mentioned in the Constitution, some rights are available only to Indian citizens, while some rights are available to every person (including foreigners) present on Indian soil. The specific set of fundamental rights enjoyed only by citizens are: 1. Article 15 (Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth), 2. Article 16 (equality of opportunity in matters of public employment), 3. Article 19 (6 freedoms of thought, expression, assembly, association, communication, residence and trade), 4. Article 29 (protection of interests of minorities), and 5. Article 30 (protection of educational institutions. Right of minority sections to establish and administer). All other rights like Art. 14 (Equality before law), Art. 20 (Protection from Conviction), Art. 21 (life and personal liberty) is also available to foreigners. Hence the correct answer is option A.

The Maneka Gandhi case (1978) is a milestone in judicial activism and expansion of fundamental rights in India. When Maneka Gandhi's passport was confiscated, the Supreme Court ordered A.K. Abandoned the narrow view of Gopalan (1950). The Court ruled that a law depriving life and personal liberty should not merely be a formally passed law, but should be 'just, fair and reasonable'. Anu. 14, 19 and 21 were considered to be interconnected golden triangles. The right to life was expanded to include a dignified life, right to livelihood, clean environment, medical aid and right to travel abroad. Hence, all four statements are true and the correct answer is option C.

By the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976 (Short Constitution), 4 new articles were added to the Directive Principles: 1. Article 39(f) (opportunities for the healthy development of children), 2. Article 39A (equal justice and free legal aid for the poor under which the NALSA Act was created in 1987), 3. Article 43A (participation of workers in industrial management), and 4. Article 48A (environment and Conservation of wildlife). In contrast, Article 40 (Organization of Gram Panchayats) was included in the original Constitution as a Gandhian principle and was not added by the 42nd Amendment. (Article 43B was added by the 97th Amendment 2011 relating to co-operative societies). Hence the correct answer is option C.

To awaken the sense of civic responsibility among the citizens during the Emergency, a committee was formed under the chairmanship of Sardar Swaran Singh in which A.R. Antulay, S.S. Ray and C.M. Stephen was a prominent member. The committee had recommended 8 fundamental duties and suggested making tax payment a duty and punishment for non-compliance (which was not accepted by the government). Inspired by the Soviet Union (USSR), 10 fundamental duties were added to Part IV-A (Article 51A) by the 42nd Amendment 1976. The 11th duty (duty of parents/guardians to provide education to children aged 6-14 years) was added by the 86th Amendment 2002 during the time of Atal Bihari Vajpayee government. The Fundamental Duties are non-justiciable (directly unenforceable by courts) like the Directive Principles. Hence, all four statements are true and the correct answer is option D.

Article 54 of the Constitution defines the electoral college for the President, which includes elected members of both Houses of Parliament, elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of 28 states and, under the 70th Constitutional Amendment (1992), elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of Delhi and Puducherry. Members of Legislative Councils and nominated members of any House do not participate in it. Article 55 lays down the electoral system, ensuring uniformity among the States and parity between the States and the Union. The election is held by single transferable secret ballot and it is mandatory to obtain a minimum quota (50% of total valid votes + 1) to win. Hence, all four statements are completely true and the correct answer is option B.

National emergency (Article 352) has been imposed three times so far in India: 1962 (India-China war), 1971 (India-Pakistan war), and 25 June 1975. The third Emergency of 1975 was declared by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed on the advice of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on the grounds of 'Internal Disturbance' as mentioned in the original Constitution. To prevent misuse of this provision, the Janata Party government, through the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978, removed the word 'Internal Disturbance' and added the word 'Armed Rebellion' in its place and the written recommendation of the Cabinet was made mandatory. Hence the correct answer is option B.

According to the terminology used in Article 87(1) of the Constitution, the President addresses "Both Houses of Parliament assembled together" at the beginning of the first session after every general election and at the beginning of the first session (Budget Session) of each year and tells the Parliament the reasons for his summons. It is not called a joint sitting (Article 108), because the joint sitting of Article 108 is chaired by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha to resolve the deadlock on an ordinary bill in both the houses, whereas the address of Article 87 is a formal constitutional process addressed by the President. Hence the correct answer is option C.