Just because a country has a constitution does not necessarily mean that the country will be democratic; For example, countries like China and Venezuela have constitutions but they are not true democracies, so statement A is false. The Constitution determines the basic nature of the society by determining its basic political structure, sources of power and rights of the citizens. It records the national ideals and values ​​on the basis of which citizens build the nation of their dreams. The demand for a Constituent Assembly in India was formally given place in its official policy by the Indian National Congress for the first time in 1934, which culminated in the formation of the Constituent Assembly in December 1946 under the Cabinet Mission Plan. Hence statements B, C and D are completely true.

The first formal meeting of the Indian Constituent Assembly was held on 9 December 1946 in the Library Building of the Council Chamber (Parliament House) in which Dr. Sachchidanand Sinha was elected as the temporary President. The last meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held on 24 January 1950 in which the copies of the Constitution were finally signed by the members and Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected the first President of India. The historic work of handwriting the original Constitution of India in italic calligraphy style was done by Prem Bihari Narayan Raizada. Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar called Article 32 (Right to Constitutional Remedies) mentioned in Part-3 of the Constitution as the 'heart and soul of the Constitution' because without it other fundamental rights become meaningless.

Federalism is an institutional political structure in which the powers of governance are divided between the center and the states (and local bodies in India), so having more than one level of government is a primary hallmark of federalism. The main function of the legislature in a democracy is to make laws as per the public sentiments and the elected representatives of the public sit in it. The responsibility of the executive is to implement the laws and policies made by the Parliament on the ground. Only three traditional organs of government are recognized under the Constitution – the legislature, the executive and the judiciary; A municipality is an institution of local self-government and not a separate independent fourth organ of government. Hence, statement D is false and statements A, B and C are true.

In Part-3 of the original Constitution, a total of 7 fundamental rights were given to Indian citizens - Right to equality, Right to liberty, Right against exploitation, Right to religious freedom, Right to culture and education, Right to property (Articles 31 and 19(1)(f)), and Right to constitutional remedies. The Right to Property was removed from the list of fundamental rights by the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978 during the tenure of Morarji Desai led Janata Party government. At present the right to property is only a legal right which has been enshrined in Article 300A under Part 12 of the Constitution. Therefore, now citizens have a total of 6 fundamental rights left.

Article 25 of the Indian Constitution guarantees religious freedom but this right is not absolute but is subject to public order, morality and health. Under the First Amendment of the US Constitution, a strict wall (mutual prohibition) has been erected between the state and religion, where neither the state can interfere in religion nor the religion in the affairs of the state. In contrast, Indian secularism operates on the principle of ideological distance, where the state can make legislative interventions in religion to eradicate social evils such as untouchability, sati, child marriage, etc. The word 'secular' was not in the original Preamble, but was added to the Preamble along with the words 'socialist' and 'integrity' by the 42nd Constitution Amendment Act, 1976, hence statement D is false.

According to Article 79 of the Constitution, the Parliament of the Indian Union consists of the President and two houses (Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha). Under Article 89(1), the Vice President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, elected by the members of both the Houses of Parliament, he is not a member of the Rajya Sabha. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is not selected by the President, rather the newly elected members of the Lok Sabha elect the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker by majority vote from among themselves, hence statement C is completely false. Reservation of seats for the Anglo-Indian community in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies has been repealed with effect from 25 January 2020 by the 104th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019. Hence statements A, B and D are true.

The essence of the rule of law is that the law of the country applies equally to all citizens, be it the President of the country, the Prime Minister or an ordinary worker and no one is above the law. The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act was passed by the Parliament in the year 2005 and after the assent of the President, it came into effect throughout the country from 26 October 2006. The most revolutionary thing about this Act is that not only physical violence, but also mental, emotional, financial and verbal torture has been considered as domestic violence. Additionally, it also includes women who 'live' or have 'lived' with a violent man in a shared household.

An independent and impartial judiciary has been established under the principle of separation of powers in the Indian Constitution. Under Articles 13, 32 and 226, the Court has the right of Judicial Review, through which it can declare void any law that violates the Constitution. On violation of fundamental rights, a writ petition can be filed directly in the Supreme Court under Article 32 and directly in the High Court under Article 226. In the Subhash Kumar case of 1991, the apex court made it clear that the right to a pollution-free environment is also included in Article 21 along with the right to live a dignified life. In the Indian Constitution, the judiciary has been kept completely independent from the pressure of the executive and legislature, hence statement D is false.

The Supreme Court of independent India was inaugurated on 28 January 1950 and its constitutional establishment is considered to be on 26 January 1950. Like its predecessor 'Federal Court of India' (1937-1949), it used to sit in the Chamber of Princes of the Parliament House till 1958, after which it was shifted to the present building at Tilak Marg. The first three High Courts in India were established in 1862 under the High Courts Act, 1861 at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. Delhi High Court was established in the year 1966 (not 1964) and currently there are a total of 25 High Courts functioning across the country (not 28), hence statement D is false.

In the 1980s, the concept of PIL was developed by relaxing the traditional rule of 'locus standi' to ensure access to justice for the general public and the deprived sections, in which P.N. Bhagwati and V.R. Krishna Iyer played a central role. It was only after PUCL's PIL decision in 2001 that cooked mid-day meal was made mandatory for children in government and aided schools. In the famous Olga Tellis case of 1985, in the context of sidewalk and slum dwellers, the Court held that snatching away the means of livelihood puts a person's life in danger, hence livelihood is an integral part of Article 21. Public interest litigation can be filed in both the Supreme Court under Article 32 of the Constitution and the High Court under Article 226, hence statement D is false.

Under Article 22(2) and the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), it is a mandatory fundamental right to produce any arrested person before a magistrate within 24 hours, excluding travel time. According to Section 25 and 26 of the Indian Evidence Act, any statement given in police custody is not admissible evidence in the court so that police torture and pressure can be avoided, hence statement B is false. Under Section 160 of CrPC, children below 15 years of age and women will have to go to their place of residence for questioning and cannot be called to the police station. D.K. In Basu v. State of West Bengal (1997), the Supreme Court laid down strict rules for police arrest, detention and interrogation, mandating clear name plates, preparation of memos and informing next of kin.

Cognizable crimes are those serious crimes (like murder, dacoity, rape etc.) in which the police officer can immediately arrest the accused and start investigation without a warrant from a magistrate. Under Section 154 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, on receiving information about a cognizable offence, the station in-charge has to immediately register an FIR, a copy of which the complainant has a legal right to get free of cost. During the hearing of a case, when the lawyer of the opposing side tests the credibility and facts of a witness's statement by questioning him, it is called cross-examination in legal language. The accused has the right to a fair trial under Article 21 of the Constitution, including an open court, information about the prosecution's evidence and an opportunity for self-defence.

Marginalization is a multidimensional concept that is not only associated with economic deprivation and lack of resources, but also results in social exclusion, cultural prejudice, powerlessness and inferior status, hence statement A is false. The Justice Rajinder Sachar Committee, constituted by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in 2005, after a comprehensive survey, came to the shocking conclusion that the backwardness of Indian Muslims in terms of education, government jobs and basic amenities was on many parameters equal to or worse than that of Dalits (SC/ST). Ghettoization is often caused by communal tension, discrimination and a sense of insecurity, where a minority or disadvantaged community is forced to live in settlements consisting only of people from its own community for its own safety.

Following increasing caste atrocities in the 1980s and the emergence of organizations like Dalit Panthers, Parliament enacted the historic law of 1989. Section 3 of this law gives a detailed list of humiliating and inhumane acts, which include feeding inedible food, blackening the mouth, parading naked, etc. The Act declares land eviction as a non-bailable offense to curb the tendency of non-Dalits to usurp the traditional lands of tribals and Dalits historically. This law provides for extremely harsh punishment for physical violence as well as moral and mental insult, caste-related abuses and molestation of SC/ST women and violation of dignity, hence statement D is false.

To end the practice of picking up human excreta on hands and heads in inhumane conditions and to impose a complete ban on the construction of dry latrines, Parliament passed 'The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993' in 1993. Despite this, when this practice was not completely ended, following the instructions of the Supreme Court and social movements, the Parliament made it more stringent and passed the 'Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013' in 2013. This law has been made with the aim of practically implementing Article 17 (end of untouchability) and Article 21 (right to a dignified life) of the Constitution.

On the night of 2-3 December 1984, more than 40 tonnes of 'Methyl Isocyanate' (MIC) leaked from the pesticide plant of the American multinational Union Carbide based in Bhopal, killing thousands of innocent people and causing lakhs of lifelong diseases. At that time, industrialists in India were free to ignore safety standards and labor and environmental regulations were very weak. In the backdrop of this horrific tragedy, in 1986, Parliament enacted a comprehensive 'Environment (Protection) Act, 1986'. The Supreme Court has clearly explained in MC Mehta vs. Union of India and many other cases that the right to pollution-free water, clean air and clean environment is an integral part of the fundamental rights of Article 21, hence statement D is false.

Article 23 of the Constitution protects both citizens and non-citizens from exploitation by the State and private persons; Under this, bonded labor and buying and selling of human organs or women and children are illegal. Article 23(2) provides that in the national interest the Government may impose compulsory civil or military service without any discrimination. Article 24 in clear words imposes a complete ban on employment of children below 14 years of age in hazardous industries (such as crackers, glass, carpet industries or mines). There is no constitutional exemption to child labor on the grounds of poverty or family circumstances; The Child Labor Amendment Act of 2016 has made it more stringent, hence statement D is false.

The 'Nehru Report' of 1928 was the first major attempt by Indians to draft their own constitution, in which there were clear demands for fundamental rights, adult franchise and minority rights. In March 1931, at the Karachi Congress session held under the chairmanship of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, a historic resolution on fundamental rights and economic policy was passed which set the direction for the future Constitution. Congress definitely had an overwhelming majority in the Constituent Assembly, but it also included many non-Congress stalwarts like Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, Hridaynath Kunzru, hence statement C is false. Mahatma Gandhi gave the supreme leadership of the freedom movement but he himself did not become a member of the Constituent Assembly; Nevertheless, Gandhian principles (Gram Panchayat, prohibition, cottage industries) found a prominent place among the policy-directive elements.

On 11 December 1946, Dr. Rajendra Prasad was unanimously elected the permanent President of the Constituent Assembly and he became the first President of independent India. Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar was made the chairman of the 7-member drafting committee formed on 29 August 1947, who prepared the framework of the Constitution and is called the 'Father of the Constitution'. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was the chairman of the very important 'Provincial Constitution Committee' and 'Consultative Committee related to Fundamental Rights and Minorities' of the Constituent Assembly and he played the role of Iron Man in the integration of the princely states. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was a renowned educationist, Arabic scholar and staunch opponent of partition, who became the first Education Minister of independent India.

The Preamble of the Indian Constitution has been amended only once so far, by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976. Through this amendment, in the first paragraph of the Preamble, in place of 'sovereign democratic republic', the words 'completely sovereign socialist secular democratic republic' were established and in the sixth paragraph, in place of 'unity of the nation', the words 'unity and integrity of the nation' were added. The three words thus added are 'Socialist', 'Secular' and 'Integrity'. This amendment was made on the basis of the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee.

FPTP system is implemented in Lok Sabha and Assembly elections in India, in which the candidate who gets even one vote more than all other candidates is declared the winner. During the Rajiv Gandhi government, the voting age was reduced from 21 to 18 years by amending Article 326 by the 61st Constitution Amendment Act, 1988 (effective March 1989). At present, out of 543 seats in the Lok Sabha, 84 seats are reserved for Scheduled Castes and 47 seats are reserved for Scheduled Tribes. The specialty of the reserved constituency is that the candidate will be from the reserved category only, but all the registered adult citizens of that area vote (not a separate electoral college but a joint electoral college), hence statement D is false.

Article 324 establishes the Election Commission as an independent constitutional body. The Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) is appointed by the President, but after appointment he is not answerable to the Executive or the Council of Ministers; He enjoys security of office and can be removed only through the same process (like impeachment) by which a Supreme Court judge is removed, hence statement B is false. As soon as the election notification is issued, the Commission implements the Model Code of Conduct. In order to prevent misuse of government machinery during elections, the Commission can order transfer of officers and all deputed employees work solely under the superintendence of the Commission.

The first Backward Classes Commission was formed in 1953 under the chairmanship of Kaka Kalelkar, while the Second Backward Classes Commission was formed in 1979 under the chairmanship of Bindeshwari Prasad Mandal. In its report presented in 1980, the Commission recommended 27% reservation in central government jobs considering the population of Other Backward Classes (OBC) to be approximately 52%. Prime Minister Vishwanath Pratap Singh took the historic decision to implement it in 1990, which led to nationwide movements. This decision was challenged in the Supreme Court, where a Constitution Bench of 9 judges in the 'Indira Sawhney case (1992)' upheld the government's 27% reservation as valid, however imposed a cap of 50% on the total reservation and directed to exclude the affluent section (creamy layer), hence statement D is false.

Parliamentary democracy has been adopted in India like Britain where the President is the formal head of the state and all federal executive functions are done in the name of the President. Real political power lies in the Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers elected by the people. After the 42nd and 44th Constitutional Amendments, it is clear in Article 74(1) that the President is bound to accept the advice of the Council of Ministers, however, the 44th Amendment gave the President the right to send the advice once for reconsideration. Under Article 111, the President can return any ordinary bill except a money bill to the Parliament for reconsideration (suspensive veto); Hence statement D is false.

Under Article 108 of the Indian Constitution, when there is disagreement between the two Houses on an ordinary bill, the President can call a joint meeting of both the Houses. Under Article 118(4) of the Constitution, this joint meeting is presided over by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha; In his absence the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha presides and in his absence the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha presides (the Vice President never presides over a joint sitting as he is not a member of either House). The most important fact is that there is no provision for joint sitting in the case of Money Bill (Articles 109-110) and Constitution Amendment Bill (Article 368).

The judicial structure of India is pyramidal in structure with the Supreme Court at the top, State High Courts at the bottom and subordinate courts at the bottom. According to Article 141 of the Constitution, the law declared by the Supreme Court is binding on all the courts of India. Under Article 124(4), a judge of the Supreme Court can be removed only on the ground of 'proven misbehavior or incapacity' by a majority of the total membership of each House of Parliament and a special majority of two-thirds of the members present and voting. The Supreme Court is the highest appellate court in the country, its judges cannot be transferred to lower courts; The President can only transfer High Court judges from one High Court to another (Article 222), hence statement D is false.

Citizens have fundamental rights in the Indian Constitution but they are not unlimited; Article 19(2) of the Constitution allows reasonable restrictions to be imposed on freedom of speech and expression on grounds such as sovereignty of India, security, friendly relations with foreign states, public order, decency and contempt of court. This historic amendment was made in Article 359 by the 44th Constitutional Amendment 1978 that Article 20 (Protection in respect of conviction for crimes) and Article 21 (Life and personal liberty) cannot be suspended even during emergency. After the advent of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) the rule that only the victim would go to court has ended; Now any alert citizen or organization can go to court on behalf of the victim, hence statement D is false.

The makers of the Indian Constitution adopted useful elements from the best constitutions of the world and adapted them to Indian conditions. The concept of Directive Principles of State Policy is taken from the Constitution of Ireland (1937) which is mentioned in Part 4 (Articles 36-51). Fundamental rights (Bill of Rights), independence of the judiciary and the power of judicial review are inspired by the US Constitution. The parliamentary system, rule of law, bicameralism and single citizenship are derived from Britain's Westminster system. The principle of a federal system with a strong center and vesting of residual powers with the center has been adopted from the Constitution of Canada.

The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is a statutory (established by an Act of Parliament) body which was established on 12 October 1993 under the 'Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993' (it is not a constitutional body). After the 2019 amendment, any retired Chief Justice or other retired judge of the Supreme Court can become its President. The Commission can investigate incidents of human rights violations on its own (Suo Motu) based on the complaint of a victim or on the basis of newspapers. Keep in mind that NHRC is only a recommendatory body; It has investigative powers like a civil court but it cannot directly punish or punish any person, it recommends action to the government or the concerned court.

Just a few days after the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly on 13 December 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru presented the Objective Resolution, which set out the philosophical basis and values ​​of our Constitution. In this, declaring India an independent, sovereign republic, social, economic and political justice, freedom of thought, expression, belief and worship were guaranteed to all citizens. It was clearly underlined that the basic source of sovereignty is the people of India and the rights of the marginalized weaker sections, tribals and minorities will be protected. It was passed unanimously by the Constituent Assembly on 22 January 1947 and this objective resolution was modified and became the basic basis of the present Preamble of our Constitution. Hence all the statements are true.

According to the rules of the Model Code of Conduct, as soon as the elections are announced, the ruling party or minister cannot announce any new scheme, project, financial grant or foundation stone to woo the voters, hence statement A is true. A candidate saying in his election manifesto that if elected he will get works of public interest (like schools, roads, hospitals) done is a normal democratic election promise and is not a violation of the code of conduct, hence statement B is false. Bribing voters, distributing liquor/blankets or administering oath in the name of caste/religion are corrupt practices and offenses under the Representation of the People Act, 1951. The election held when a seat becomes vacant before the completion of the term of the House is called by-election.

Article 326 of the Indian Constitution guarantees universal adult franchise, under which every citizen of 18 years of age has the right to vote without discrimination on the basis of religion, caste, sex. According to Articles 84 and 173 of the Constitution, the minimum age for contesting Lok Sabha and Assembly elections has been fixed at 25 years. Whereas the minimum age limit for membership of Rajya Sabha and State Legislative Councils is fixed at 30 years. The electoral roll is revised before every election to add the names of new eligible voters and to remove the names of the dead, but its complete renewal usually happens every 5 years (not every 3 years), hence statement D is false.

After the implementation of the 61st Constitutional Amendment in 1988, the adult voting age in India was reduced from 21 years to 18 years. The minimum age limit for becoming a public representative for Lok Sabha and State Assemblies is fixed at 25 years. The minimum age has been kept at 30 years for more mature representation in the Upper House of the Parliament (Rajya Sabha) and the Upper House of the States (Legislative Council). Keeping in view the constitutional dignity and responsibility of the post of President and Vice President of India, the minimum age has been fixed at 35 years under Articles 58 and 66 of the Constitution.

According to Article 75(1) of the Constitution, the leader of the party having majority in the Lok Sabha is appointed by the President as the Prime Minister and other ministers are appointed on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. Article 75(5) gives the exemption that any non-MP can become a minister, but he will have to obtain membership of either house of the Parliament within 6 months otherwise his ministerial post will cease. There is no fixed tenure of the Prime Minister prescribed in the Constitution; He holds office during the President's 'pleasure' and as long as he receives the vote of confidence in the Lok Sabha, hence statement C is false. Under Article 75(3), the Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.

According to the Presidential Succession Act, 1969, if the offices of both the President and the Vice President become vacant simultaneously, the Chief Justice of India (CJI) is sworn in as the Acting President. If the Chief Justice is also absent or unavailable, the senior most available judge of the Supreme Court has the legal authority to assume the office of Acting President. In the history of India, the year 1969 marks the death of President Dr. Zakir Hussain and the death of Vice President V.V. After Giri's resignation, the then Chief Justice Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah took over as acting President.

The process of removing any judge as per Articles 124(4) and 217 of the Constitution is extremely complex so that judicial independence is protected; Its grounds can only be proven misconduct or incompetence. The proposal must be passed in the same session by a majority of the total number of members in both Houses of Parliament separately and a special majority of two-thirds of the members present and voting. Till date in the history of India, no judge has been removed by the Parliament by passing a full impeachment motion (the process against Justice V. Ramaswamy and Deepak Mishra could not be completed), hence statement C is false. Under Article 121, debate on the judicial conduct of judges is prohibited in Parliament.

Article 14 has a dual concept: 'Equality before the law' means all are equal before the law (British source), while 'Equal Protection of the Laws' means persons in similar circumstances should be treated equally (American source). The word 'only' in Article 15(1) is important, which makes it clear that discrimination on the basis of religion, caste, sex etc. is prohibited, but special provisions can be made for socio-educationally backward classes, women and children. Article 18 abolishes colonial-era titles like Raibahadur, Sir, knighthood to establish social equality; Only military and academic titles are permissible. Hence all the statements are true.

There are two main forms of division of power in democracy: First, Horizontal Division, in which all three organs of government (Legislature, Executive, Judiciary) are located on the same level and establish a system of checks and balances. Second, vertical distribution, in which power is divided hierarchically from the top level (centre) to the middle (state) and lower levels (local panchayats/municipalities). In a democracy, political parties, pressure groups and social movements also play a very active and decisive role in the distribution of power and decision making process by influencing the policies, hence statement D is false.

There is a three-tier division of subjects under Article 246 of the Seventh Schedule: The Union List contains subjects of national importance (such as defence, foreign affairs, banking, communications, currency) on which only Parliament can make laws. The State List includes subjects of local and provincial importance (such as police, public order, agriculture, prisons, sanitation, local government). The Concurrent List contains subjects on which both the Center and the States can make laws (such as education, forests, marriage, trade unions, civil procedure); In case of conflict, the law of the Center prevails (Article 254). Those new subjects which did not exist at the time of framing of the Constitution (like cyber law, e-commerce), come under the residuary powers of the Parliament under Article 248.

According to Article 1(1) “India shall be a Union of States”; Dr. Ambedkar had clarified that India is not the result of the agreement of any state nor does any state have the right to secede from the Union. Under Article 131, the Supreme Court has exclusive original jurisdiction to adjudicate Centre-State or inter-State disputes. Under Article 368(2), for amendments in the provisions related to the federal structure (such as the Seventh Schedule, Presidential Election, Judiciary), the approval of at least 50% of the states in addition to the special majority of the Parliament is required. In the Indian Union, the states get their powers from the Constitution itself, they are not at the mercy of the administrative agents or the Centre, hence statement D is false.

The 73rd and 74th amendments gave constitutional status to local government through Parts 9 and 9A and 11th and 12th Schedule of the Constitution. Under Article 243E, if a Panchayat is dissolved prematurely, it is mandatory to hold elections within 6 months. A minimum of 33% reservation for women is mandatory under Article 243D (many states like Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh have increased this to 50%). Under Article 243K, the Independent State Election Commissioner is appointed by the Governor. Out of the 29 subjects of the 11th Schedule and 18 subjects of the 12th Schedule, the decision as to how many subjects and how much financial powers will be transferred to the Panchayats is left to the Legislature of the respective State, hence this participation is not uniform in all the States, hence Statement D is false.

The overall sex ratio of India was 933 females per 1000 males in Census 2001, which improved by 10 points to 943 in Census 2011. In contrast, the child sex ratio in the age group 0 to 6 years declined from 927 in 2001 to 919 in 2011, indicating a worrying trend of female feticide and deepening gender inequality in the society. Sex ratio is a highly sensitive social indicator of the status and health security of women in society.

Mahatma Gandhi firmly believed that politics without religion is a death trap that destroys the soul. For Gandhiji, religion did not mean any ritual, narrow belief or communalism, but meant moral values ​​like truth, non-violence, justice and compassion which are the essence of all religions. The Preamble and Articles 25-28 of the Indian Constitution provide religious freedom to all individuals. But the Indian model is different from the Western model; Here the state can make legislative interventions in religion to remove religious inequalities and protect human dignity (like prohibition of untouchability, opening of temples to all classes, ban on the practice of Sati), hence statement D is false.

In the year 2000, the government of the South American country Bolivia, under pressure from the World Bank, sold the municipal water supply rights of the city of Cochabamba to a foreign multinational company. The company immediately increased water rates drastically, ruining the monthly budget of ordinary citizens. In protest against this, under the banner of an organization called 'FEDECOR - Coalition of Professionals, Workers and Farmers', engineers, environmentalists, workers and farmers together launched a huge mass movement (Water War). After huge public pressure and strike, the government had to cancel the contract and hand over the water supply back to the municipality.

Gyanendra, who became the new king of Nepal after the 2001 royal court massacre, weakened the democratic institutions and took over all the executive powers by dismissing the then Prime Minister in February 2005. In April 2006, seven major parties in Parliament formed the 'Seven Party Alliance' (SPA) and called for an indefinite strike against Raja. Maoists, labor organizations and lakhs of citizens participated in this movement. On 24 April 2006, the King was forced to reinstate Parliament and this coalition elected veteran democratic leader Girija Prasad Koirala as Prime Minister of the interim government (not King Gyanendra), so statement D is false.

Political parties are essential parts of the democratic system whose primary objective is to contest elections, form the government by getting majority or sit in the opposition and keep the government under control. In contrast, pressure groups (like FICCI, CITU, BKU) neither contest elections nor seek to capture power; They influence government policies only to protect their business, social or economic interests through lobbying, protests, memorandums and public opinion building. In the Indian Constitution sovereignty is vested in the people and their elected Parliament; Pressure groups are non-constitutional civic organizations, they are not legislative bodies, so statement D is false.

According to the Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968, a registered party gets the status of a national party only if it fulfills any one of the three prescribed conditions: (1) minimum 6% of the valid votes in the Lok Sabha or Assembly elections of four states + 4 Lok Sabha seats, (2) 2% of the total Lok Sabha seats from a minimum of 3 states (currently 11 seats), or (3) recognized as a state party in at least 4 states. To be. There is no ridiculous or unconstitutional requirement for the party's internal leadership or president to be a former minister; Hence, statement D is false and statements A, B, C are true.

To stop the politics of 'Aya Ram, Gaya Ram' defection, the Rajiv Gandhi government added the 10th Schedule to the 52nd Amendment. The 91st Amendment (2003) abolished the earlier provision of 1/3 division and exempted only the merger of at least 2/3 members from defection. Following the Supreme Court's landmark judgment in the Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) case, it became mandatory for all candidates to submit public affidavits about criminal background, educational qualifications and assets. Although the Law Commission and the Election Commission have made recommendations for the internal representation of women in political parties, no act has been passed for 50% mandatory legal reservation for women in the posts of political parties, hence statement D is false.

The biggest historical success of the democratic system is that it has established political equality on the basis of the principle of 'one person, one vote, one value' and has ended feudal privileges. But a realistic assessment shows that democracy in itself is not a magic wand; The economic gap between rich and poor, inequalities in education and health, and social conflicts exist even in democratic countries. Democracy never means dictatorship of the majority; In a healthy democracy the majority always has to respect the feelings and rights of the minority.

Two aspects of freedom are considered in political science: Negative freedom means no undue interference by the state or society in the personal life of an individual (Absence of constraints). Positive freedom means the presence of the individual's inherent talents, necessary opportunities for self-development and education. J.S. Mill, in his famous 'Harm Principle', propounded that only if a person's action causes harm to others (inter-related action), the state can limit his freedom; The individual is sovereign over his own body and mind. Unlike traditional laissez-faire liberalism, modern liberalism accepts the need for a welfare state, progressive taxation and social security, so statement D is false.

This classic quote summarizes the thoughts of the French Enlightenment philosopher Voltaire (1694-1778). This statement is the basic basis of freedom of speech and expression in democracy. Its essence is that in a civilized and tolerant society, a person's natural right to speak and express his views should be respected even if there is strong disagreement with his views. Freedom of expression enshrined in Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution is based on this democratic value.

The French Revolution of the 18th century brought the principle of equality against a privileged elite to the center of global politics. Two forms of inequality are recognized in political theory: natural inequality (differences in physical appearance, innate talent) which cannot be completely eliminated; And socially generated inequality (deprivation of opportunities on the basis of caste, class, gender, race) which is the basic objective of social justice to eliminate. Equality does not mean making all people equal or eliminating division of labor; This means that no person should be discriminated against on the basis of his birth or identity and everyone should get equal opportunities to develop their potential (Equality of Opportunity), hence statement D is false.

Karl Marx (1818-1883), the father of scientific socialism, made it clear that as long as a handful of capitalists have private ownership of the primary means of production such as land, factories and mines, exploitation of the working class and economic inequality cannot end. Marx described the state as a committee that protects the interests of the ruling class and provides legal protection to the capitalist system. The goal of democratic socialism is to bridge economic inequalities through a welfare state and a planned economy. Marx was in favor of the abolition of private property, not its supporters, hence statement D is false.

Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia (1910-1967) was a prominent socialist thinker and freedom fighter of India. Adapting socialism to the Indian context, he gave the theory of 'Seven Revolutions'. This principle called for fighting together against seven types of injustices: (1) revolution for equality of men and women, (2) against inequality based on skin color, (3) for caste inequality and the upliftment of backward classes, (4) against foreign slavery and colonialism, (5) against the inequalities and economic exploitation of private capital, (6) for civil liberties against state encroachment on private life, and (7) against arms. Revolution in favor of renunciation and Satyagraha.

The basic philosophy of feminism is that the subordination and secondary status of women in society is not a natural law but a man-made system. This philosophy makes the distinction between sex (biological differences such as male and female) and gender (stereotypical roles decided by society that women will be soft, domestic and men will be tough, aggressive). Patriarchy is the structural system that maintains male dominance and control over women's labor and bodies, from the family to the state. The aim of feminism is not to hate men or establish dictatorship, but to establish equality, justice and respectful partnership between men and women, hence statement D is false.

Affirmative action (protective discrimination) rests on the realistic understanding that if two unequal people are treated completely equally, the results will always be grossly unfair. To bring the groups marginalized for centuries (like SC, ST, OBC in India) into the mainstream of society, the state provides special concessions, scholarships and reservations, which are protected by Articles 15(4) and 16(4) of the Constitution. Special assistance given to sections of the society with special needs (like senior citizens, disabled, children) is justified under 'Reasonable Classification', it is not a violation of equality but an attempt to achieve real equality, hence statement D is false.

John Rawls, the greatest political philosopher of the 20th century, propounded Justice as Fairness. For this he gave the concept of 'Veil of Ignorance'. According to this, if people are asked to decide the basic rules of the society and the structure of distribution of resources in such a way that they do not know at all what will be their own position in that society (whether they will be rich or poor, advanced or backward, healthy or disabled), then in such a situation every rational person will make rules only for the maximum welfare of the most deprived and weak class. This principle of Rawls states that fairness is always achieved only by thinking from the perspective of the weakest.

John Rawls gave the philosophical model of 'veil of ignorance' for equitable distribution. Bharat Ratna Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar underlined that political democracy cannot be successful unless there is social democracy at its base, and a just society is one in which the feeling of contempt decreases and fraternity and mutual respect increase. J.S. Mill considered individual freedom paramount to human development and linked utilitarianism with human dignity. British sociologist T.H. Marshall explained in his famous essay 'Citizenship and Social Class' (1950) that citizenship develops in three stages: civil, political and social and it establishes equality among citizens by bridging the inequalities of the capitalist class system.

Rights are those logical and moral claims necessary for the dignified life of human beings which are accepted by the society and legally enforced by the state. Every arbitrary wish or undesirable demand of a person (like getting drunk in a public place or disturbing the peace of others) cannot be a right, because rights are tied to social good and respect for the rights of others, hence statement B is false. Rights place limits on the autocratic power of the state (e.g. police cannot arrest anyone without due process of law). After the Second World War, the United Nations passed the historic Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) on 10 December 1948, in memory of which 'International Human Rights Day' is celebrated every year on 10 December.

Bob Geldof is a famous Irish singer, musician and humanitarian activist. He organized 'Band Aid' to help millions of people suffering from the devastating famine in Ethiopia and other countries in Africa in 1984-85 and the historic 'Live Aid' global music concert in 1985. He made a strong global appeal to the governments of the world's richest industrialized countries to forgive Africa's foreign debts and increase financial assistance for poverty alleviation.

Citizenship is full and equal membership of a political community; It is not just a passport or the legal right to vote, but also a sense of moral duty, fraternity and common partnership among citizens towards each other. In South Africa, the African National Congress (ANC) led by Nelson Mandela fought for decades against the apartheid system of the minority white government, after which a multi-racial democratic constitution was created in 1994. The French Revolution of 1789 laid the foundation of modern citizenship with the 'Declaration of the Rights of the Citizen and of Man'. Although democratic citizenship gives freedom to settle and trade anywhere in the country (e.g. Article 19(1)(e) in India), the state can make reasonable regulations for local employment, environmental protection and protection of tribal areas, hence statement D is false.

British sociologist T.H. Marshall, in his famous book 'Citizenship and Social Class' (1950), divided the rights of citizenship into three stages: (1) 'Civil Rights' emerged in the 18th century, such as freedom of life, personal liberty, property and freedom of speech; (2) 'Political rights' developed in the 19th century, such as the right to vote, contest elections and participate in political parties; and (3) 'Social Rights' established in the 20th century, such as the right to minimum economic security, education, health and a dignified life. Marshall believed that these social rights balance the inequalities of the capitalist system.

In the 20th and 21st centuries, millions of people have been displaced by war (e.g. Syria, Myanmar's Rohingya, Sudan) and persecution; When no country accepts them, they are forced to live in refugee camps. In statelessness, a person lacks basic identity card and legal protection. Refugees may receive asylum on humanitarian grounds, but without citizenship they do not have the legal right to own property, vote, or seek regular government employment, so statement C is false. Many countries give preference to consanguinity or ethnicity in their citizenship policy; For example, Israel's 'Law of Return' gives citizenship priority to Jews around the world and Germany has also been giving preference to people of German origin.

Nationalism has been one of the most powerful forces in modern history that led to the unification of Germany under Bismarck and Italy under Cavour-Garibaldi. This gave rise to anti-colonial liberation struggles in Asia and Africa that led to the fall of foreign empires. The principle of self-determination demands that a people having a common historical and cultural identity have the right to govern themselves independently. But nationalism also has a dark side; When it takes the form of extreme and narrow jingoism, it has also caused racial genocide, the First and Second World Wars and inter-religious hatred, hence statement D is false.

Basque (Basque) is a region with a rich and distinct linguistic-cultural identity located in the north-eastern mountainous region of Spain. Basque nationalists argue that their 'Euskara' language and traditions are completely different from Spanish culture. In the 20th century, Spain's military dictator General Franco imposed harsh repressive restrictions on Basque language speaking and autonomy, against which separatist organizations like 'ETA' launched an armed struggle. Although the current Spanish Constitution grants broad autonomy to the Basques, a section of Basque nationalists continue to demand a fully sovereign nation.

Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) was the sharpest humanist critic of extreme and narrow nationalism. He believed that when nationalism becomes paramount, it makes man morally blind and leads to wars. He said in clear words that the value of humanity is far superior to patriotism. Tagore was strongly against Western colonial exploitation and political dominance, but he was opposed to a narrow 'cosmopolitanism' and wanted India to learn from Western science, rationality and art without any prejudice. He was staunchly opposed to any kind of militarism or hegemonic nationalism, hence statement D is false.

The Western (especially French and American) theory of secularism is based on a 'hard wall' where the state remains neutral in religious matters and neither helps nor interferes. In contrast, in the Indian context, religion was embedded in every fiber of the society, so the Indian model adopted a policy of 'Principled Distance' - where the state respects all religions equally (Sarvadharma Sambhav) and even intervenes to reform any religion if it has evils like untouchability, child marriage or oppression of women. Article 30 of the Constitution gives clear fundamental right to minorities to establish and operate educational institutions of their choice, hence statement D is false.

Upon the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, Mustafa Kemal Pasha (1881–1938) established the Republic of Türkiye and assumed the title Kemal Atatürk. His secularism model was not about keeping distance from religion but about completely eliminating and controlling the influence of organized religion by the state. He ended the caliphate in 1924, abolished Sharia courts, imposed the Swiss Civil Code, outlawed the fez cap, adopted the Gregorian calendar, and introduced the Latin script in 1928. He completely abolished madrassas and religious education and implemented a modern, secular and state-controlled integrated education system, hence statement D is false.

Pandit Nehru was the main architect of Indian secularism. Although his own life was based on scientific consciousness and secular rationalism, he still respected the deep religious beliefs of the Indian people. For him secularism meant state impartiality towards all religions and complete opposition to communalism. Unlike Kemal Atatürk, Nehru was not in favor of forcibly suppressing religion, but he also believed that if religious practices violated social justice and equality (such as women's rights through the Hindu Code Bill), then the state had every right to enact corrective laws; Hence statement D is false.

Indian secularism is often termed as Western imitation or minorityism. But the historical fact is that secularism in India stems from the coexistence of different sects and its rich tradition of Ganga-Jamuni culture. The rights given to minorities (religious and linguistic) under Articles 29 and 30 of the Constitution are not at the expense of the rights of the majority, but to ensure that in any democratic system, the language, culture and identity of the minorities do not disappear under the pressure of the majority population. The Indian Constitution gives complete freedom for public display of religion, worship, kirtan, tajya or celebration of festivals (as long as they do not disturb public order and peace), hence statement D is false.

Some thinkers of the 19th and 20th centuries glorified war while condemning peace as cowardly; Nietzsche considered conflict as the test of man's superiority, while Pareto divided rulers into 'lions' who use power and 'foxes' who use cunning. The attacks of the 'Little Boy' and 'Fat Man' atomic bombs in World War II in August 1945 marked the beginning of the Nuclear Age and the Cold War. Mahatma Gandhi gave the exact opposite immortal message of non-violence; Gandhiji famously said: "I oppose violence, because while it appears to do some good, that good is temporary, while the evil it produces is permanent"; Hence statement D is false.

This timeless sentence is the opening sentence of the Preamble of the Constitution of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization - UNESCO). The fundamental philosophy of UNESCO, established on 16 November 1945, is that lasting peace in the world cannot be achieved through political and economic treaties alone; For this, intellectual and moral unity of mankind is necessary. Unless prejudices, hatred and intolerance are eliminated in people's thoughts through education, science, culture and dialogue, wars cannot be stopped.

The Rwandan genocide is the most tragic example of international failure in modern history, where in just 100 days Hutu militants committed horrific racial violence while the global community stood idly by. Costa Rica disbanded its military permanently in 1948 and diverted that budget to education and health; Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan also renounced war and a standing army. The fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 reduced the nuclear rivalry between the Cold War superpowers, but destructive wars like the Gulf War, Balkan crisis, Syria, Afghanistan and Ukraine proved that conflicts have not ended, hence statement D is false.

The main criticism of the 20th century development model is that it focused on exploitation of nature and only GDP figures, leading to huge debt and environmental destruction of rich countries. In India, more than 70% of those displaced by dams and mines like Narmada Sagar, Tehri have been poor, Dalits and tribals, whose traditional culture and livelihoods were destroyed. Economic growth in itself does not guarantee welfare (trickle-down theory has failed); Unless there is redistribution and social policies, the benefits of development are limited to the rich class only, hence statement C is false. Amazon forests are called the 'lungs' of the earth, whose destruction is a global crisis.

Ken Saro-Wiwa (1941–1995) was a renowned Nigerian writer, journalist and social activist. After oil was discovered in Ogoniland of the Niger Delta in the 1950s, foreign companies like Shell completely poisoned the agricultural land, rivers and air there due to oil extraction. Saro-Wiwa formed the 'Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People' (MOSOP) in 1990 and led a non-violent movement, due to which the companies had to step back. But in 1995, the then brutal military dictatorship of Nigeria hanged Ken Saro-Wiwa and his 8 comrades after implicating them in a false murder case, which drew global condemnation.

In 1990, UNDP launched the 'Human Development Report', challenging the narrow notion of measuring development only in dollars or GDP. Dr. Mehboob-ul-Haq and Prof. Amartya Sen propounded that the real objective of development is the expansion of human choices and the creation of conditions for a dignified life. The Human Development Index (HDI) is the geometric mean of three basic dimensions: (1) health (life expectancy at birth), (2) education (expected and average years of schooling), and (3) standard of living (gross national income per capita at purchasing power parity - PPP - GNI); Measuring development based on income alone is incomplete, hence statement C is false.

The Constitution has three primary functions: (1) to lay down the basic legal rules for maintaining order and peace in society, (2) to institutionalize the powers of the government and the decision-making process, and (3) to limit the powers of the government so that it does not become dictatorial. The most revolutionary achievement of the Indian Constitution is that it rejected the religious and caste divisions of the British colonial period and established 'universal single citizenship'. Articles 15 and 16 make it clear that there shall be no distinction in citizenship on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex; All Indians are citizens in the eyes of law, hence statement D is false.

The Indian Constitution has a unique balance of flexibility and rigidity. Under Articles 2, 3 and 4, rules such as creation of a new state, border change or citizenship can be changed by the Parliament by a simple majority like an ordinary law (this is not considered an amendment under Article 368). Under Article 368, special majority of both the Houses of Parliament (majority of total members + 2/3 of those present and voting) is mandatory for changes in Fundamental Rights and DPSP. In matters related to the federal structure (such as the presidential election system, powers of the Supreme Court, the Seventh Schedule), the support of at least 50% of the state legislatures with a special majority is required. According to the Kesavananda Bharti Case (1973), the basic structure of the Constitution is completely beyond the amending power of the Parliament.

On April 24, 1973, the 13-judge Constitution Bench, the largest ever of the Supreme Court, delivered its verdict in the case 'Kesavananda Bharati vs. State of Kerala' with a historic majority of 7-6. The apex court ruled that under Article 368 of the Constitution, Parliament has wide powers to amend any part of the Constitution, but Parliament cannot destroy, distort or abolish the 'Basic Structure' of the Constitution. Democracy, rule of law, secularism, independence of the judiciary, separation of powers and judicial review are considered integral parts of the basic structure.

There are 5 types of writs issued under Article 32 (Supreme Court) and Article 226 (High Court). Habeas Corpus literally means 'produce the body', which protects individual liberty from arbitrary arrest. A writ of mandamus ('we order') compels a government official, corporation or trial court to perform their legal duty. Injunction is issued by a higher court to prevent a lower court from violating its jurisdiction. Question of authority ('What is your authority') is used to check whether a person is illegally holding a public/constitutional office; It is not issued on private posts but only on public posts, hence statement D is false.

Article 37 of the Constitution clearly states that the Directive Principles are fundamental in the governance of the country and it will be the duty of the State to implement these principles while making laws, but they cannot be forcibly implemented by any court (Non-justiciable). Article 40 is based on Gandhian principle which mandates the formation of Panchayats. Article 44 aims at a uniform civil code with a view to secularism and gender equality. Since DPSPs are not actionable, in the absence of their implementation, they cannot be enforced by directly issuing a writ from the Supreme Court or High Court (this power is only for fundamental rights), hence statement D is false.

Article 39A, inserted by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment in 1976, ensures that no citizen is deprived of access to justice because of economic or other disabilities, under which NALSA was enacted in 1987. Article 40 lays the foundation of local self-government. Article 44 presents the ideal of equal law for all citizens in civil matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance and adoption. Article 50 directs to keep the executive and judiciary completely separate from each other in the public services of the state for the sake of democratic freedom and impartial justice.

The original Constitution of 1950 contained only fundamental rights and not duties. During the Emergency, 10 fundamental duties were added, inspired by the Constitution of the Soviet Union (USSR) in 1976. In the year 2002, during the time of Atal Bihari Vajpayee government, the 11th duty was added by the 86th amendment that parents or guardians should provide opportunities for primary education to their children aged 6 to 14 years. Fundamental Duties are non-justiciable like Directive Principles; There is no direct punishment or provision of taking away citizenship in the Constitution for their violation, although the Parliament has made the violation of some duties punishable by making different laws (like Prevention of Insult of National Anthem Act, Wildlife Protection Act), hence statement D is false.

There was a decades-long dispute between the Parliament and the Judiciary over who was superior to the Fundamental Rights (Part 3) and Directive Principles (Part 4). In the historic 'Minerva Mills case' of 1980, the Supreme Court ruled that the chariot of the Indian Constitution runs on these two wheels. The Court said that the balance between Part-3 and Part-4 is a fundamental part of the basic structure of the Constitution; This balance cannot be disturbed by giving absolute priority to one over the other. Fundamental rights protect the dignity of the individual, while Directive Principles create socio-economic democracy, hence both are complementary to each other.

Simple and clear FPTP system has been adopted for general elections (Lok Sabha/Vidhan Sabha) in India so that stable governments can be formed. In proportional representation (PR) systems (e.g. in Israel, Netherlands) political parties are allocated seats according to the percentage of votes they receive. This complex PR method is used in high constitutional posts (President, Vice President) and upper houses (Rajya Sabha, Legislative Council) in India. In PR system (list system), voters generally vote for the list of political party and not for the individual candidate, hence there is no direct contact between the voter and the individual representative, hence statement D is false.

Under Article 82 of the Constitution, Parliament passes a Delimitation Act after every census under which a high-powered Delimitation Commission is constituted by the President. It includes retired judges of the Supreme Court, Chief Election Commissioner and State Election Commissioners. According to Article 329(a) of the Constitution, the boundaries decided by the Delimitation Commission and the allocation of seats cannot be challenged in any court; Its orders become law as soon as they are published in the Gazette. In independent India, Delimitation Commissions have been formed only four times so far - in 1952, 1963, 1973 and 2002 (not every year), hence statement D is false.

The 91st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003 was passed to stop the evil practice of political parties luring MLAs/MPs to defect by luring them with ministerial posts and putting a burden on the government exchequer by forming huge jumbo cabinets. It made a strict rule by adding Articles 75(1A) and 164(1A) that the total strength of the Council of Ministers including the Prime Minister/Chief Minister cannot exceed 15% of the total membership of the Lok Sabha and the respective State Assembly respectively. For small states, it was arranged that the minimum number of ministers including the Chief Minister in the State Council of Ministers would not be less than 12.

The veto powers of the President are controlled under Article 111 of the Constitution. In suspensive veto, when Parliament again passes the bill with a simple majority, the President has to sign it. The US President has a pocket veto of 10 days, but the Indian Constitution has no term limits for the President ("The Indian President has a bigger pocket than the US President"). In the year 1986, President Giani Zail Singh had made a historic use of pocket veto on the Indian Post Office (Amendment) Bill. The President himself gives prior permission to introduce the Money Bill in Parliament, hence cannot reject it, and after the 24th Amendment of 1971, it is completely mandatory for the President to give assent to the Constitution Amendment Bill, hence statement D is false.