Unseen Passage — Comprehension Technique

In everyday speech, we talk of having a good memory, of having a poor memory, of having a better memory for faces than for names, of having a memory that is failing, and so on. Such talk suggests that memory is an object, a thing which we possess in the same way as we possess a head or a big toe. Yet it is true, although alarming, to say that there is no such thing as memory. A big toe can be seen and touched, but not so memory. Should an acquaintance boast of having an excellent memory, we cannot confirm his claim in the same way as if he boasted the possession of a well- stocked. library. We cannot ask him to show us his memory. What we could do, how-ever, is to let him read the page of a book, then have him close the book and try to recite what he has just read. If he reels off the page verbatim, we conclude that his claim is, at the least, not without foundation. But we have not observed anything which could be called a memory. We have given him an opportunity to learn something and then to demonstrate how well he remembers it. We have not examined anything which he has, but have watched him doing something, namely, repeating or trying to repeat something he has read. In short, we have concerned ourselves, not with an object but with an activity, not with his memory but with his activity of remembering.

✅ उत्तर: The popular belief about memory is that it is a thing we possess, like a body part, which can be good, poor, or failing.

✅ उत्तर: The writer gives the example of a person claiming to have a great memory. We cannot see or touch memory, but we can test it by making the person read a page and then recall it.

✅ उत्तर: The writer explains that memory is not an object but an activity. Remembering is the action of recalling things, while memory is wrongly thought of as a physical possession.

✅ उत्तर: "Verbatim" means word-for-word, or exactly as it was written or spoken.

✅ उत्तर: Yes, the distinction makes sense. Memory is not something we own but an ability to recall information. Remembering is the process of using that ability.

The thoughtless, the ignorant and the indolent seeing only the apparent effect of things and not the things themselves talk of luck of fortunes and chance. Seeing a man grow rich they say "How lucky he is!" Observing another becomes intellectual they exclaim, "How highly favoured he is!" And noting the saintly character and wide influence of someone else they remark, "How chance aids him at every turn!" They do not see the trials and failures and struggles which these men have voluntarily encountered in order to gain their experience, have no knowledge of the sacrifices they have made, of the undaunted efforts they have put forth, of the faith they have exercised that they might overcome the apparently insurmountable and realise the vision of their heart. They do not know the darkness and the heartaches; they only see the light and joy; do not see the long and arduous journey but only behold the pleasant goal and call it "good fortune; do not understand the process but only perceive the results and call it "chance". In all human affairs there are efforts and there are results and the strength of effort is the measure of the result. Chance is not. Gifts, powers, material, intellectual and spiritual possessions are the fruits of effort - they are thoughts completed, objects accomplished, visions realized.

✅ उत्तर: The thoughtless, the ignorant, and the indolent, who see only the apparent effect of things and not the things themselves, talk of luck, fortune, and chance.

✅ उत्तर: Such people consider luck and chance to favour an individual when they see someone growing rich, becoming intellectual, or gaining a saintly character and wide influence.

✅ उत्तर: To realize the vision of the heart, one needs to face trials, failures, and struggles voluntarily, make sacrifices, put forth undaunted efforts, and exercise faith to overcome difficulties.

✅ उत्तर: The passage states that in all human affairs, efforts lead to results, and the strength of effort determines the measure of the result. It emphasizes that achievements are not due to chance but are the fruits of dedicated effort.

✅ उत्तर: Not intimidated or discouraged by difficulty, danger or disappointed. The word from the passage that means "not intimidated or discouraged by difficulty, danger, or disappointment" is "undaunted".

Conversation is indeed the most easily teachable of all arts. All you need to do in order to become a good conversationalist is to find a subject that interests you and your listeners. There are, for example, numberless hobbies to talk about. But the important thing is that you must talk about the other fellow's hobby rather than your own. Therein lies the secret of your popularity. Talk to your friends about things that interest them and you will make your reputation for good fellowship, charming wit and a brilliant mind. There is nothing that pleases people more than your interest in their interest. It is as important to know what subject to avoid as what subjects to select for good conversation. If you don't want to be set down as a wet blanket or a bore, be careful to avoid unpleasant topics. Avoid talking about yourself, unless you are asked to do so. People are interested in their problems not in yours. Sickness and death bore everybody. The only one who willingly listens to such talk is a doctor, but he gets paid for it. To be a good conversationalist you must know not only what to say but how to say it. Be civil and modest. Don't ever emphasize your own happiness. Be mentally quick and witty, but don't hurt others with your wit. Finally try to avoid mannerisms in your conversation. Don't bite your lips, or click your tongue, or roll your eyes, or use hands excessively as you speak. Such gestures detract from the conversation.

✅ उत्तर: Subjects that interest the listeners, especially their hobbies, make one popular in conversation. Talking about others’ interests rather than one's own helps in building a good reputation.

✅ उत्तर: One must avoid unpleasant topics such as sickness, death, and personal problems. It is also advised not to talk excessively about oneself unless asked.

✅ उत्तर: A good conversationalist must know what to say and how to say it.

✅ उत्तर: A good conversationalist should be civil, modest, mentally quick, and witty. They should avoid hurting others with their wit and should not display distracting mannerisms.

✅ उत्तर: The word that means "a person who discourages enjoyment" is "wet blanket".

Nature is our mother and if it is to be commanded, it must be obeyed. But man's ignorance of this is the main source of his unhappiness. Since the beginning, man has been using the priceless gifts of nature without restraint. He has rather taken them for granted. Seldom did he think that the supplies of air, water and food and the industrial raw materials that he extracted from the bowels of the earth might disappear one day. Nature has been suffering because of thoughtless human intervention in its recycling process for hundreds of years. They say it truly that we have not inherited this earth from our ancestors, but have borrowed it from our children. We are obliged to preserve Nature for the benefit of future generations. But what has man been doing to mother Nature? The forests have become concrete jungles. The marvellous creatures and plants dependent on the rich Nature are finding it difficult to survive in the face of man's cruelty. The ozone layer protecting the earth's atmosphere is gradually getting depleted. So desperate are we to enjoy our today that tomorrow does not seem all that important. It is now that man has started realizing that he has to work with Nature and cannot allow its destruction. Man has begun to understand that Nature and its resources are vast but limited. Nature's gifts are to be conserved. Let's all make a joint venture to make nature as pure as before and try to maintain the immortal relationship of mother and son between Nature and man.

✅ उत्तर: Man’s unhappiness is caused by his ignorance of nature’s importance and his reckless exploitation of natural resources, leading to environmental destruction and resource depletion.

✅ उत्तर: Earth’s resources are limited and essential for survival. If overused, they may disappear, harming future generations and disrupting ecological balance.

✅ उत्तर: We must preserve and conserve nature so that future generations can enjoy clean air, water, forests, and a healthy environment.

✅ उत्तर: Man has realized that nature and its resources are not limitless and must be protected for survival.

✅ उत्तर: (a) to limit. Control → Commanded (b) slowly, over a long period of time. → Gradually

Sleep is essential for a person's health and well-being. Yet millions of people do not get enough sleep and many suffer from lack of sleep. Most of those with these problems go undiagnosed and untreated. In addition, more than 40 per cent of adults experience daytime sleepiness severe enough to interfere with their daily activities at least a few days each month - with 20 per cent reporting problems of sleepiness a few days a week or more. Furthermore, 69 per cent of children experience one or more sleep problems a few nights or more during a week. If a sleep-deprived person doesn't sleep after the initial signs, the person may then start to experience apathy, slowed speech and flattened emotional responses, impaired memory and an inability to be novel or multitask. As a person gets to the point of falling asleep, he or she will fall into micro sleeps (5-10 seconds) that cause lapses in attention, nod off while doing an activity like driving or reading and then finally experience hallucinations. Everyone's individual sleep needs vary. In general, most healthy adults are built for 16 hours of wakefulness and need an average of eight hours of sleep a night. However, some individuals are able to function without sleepiness or drowsiness after as little as six hours of sleep. Others can't perform at their peak unless they've slept ten hours. And contrary to common myth, the need for sleep doesn't decline with age but the ability to sleep for six to eight hours at one time may be reduced. It is a good idea to talk to a physician, or mental health provider about any sleeping problem that recurs or persists for longer than a few weeks.

✅ उत्तर: Sleep is crucial for maintaining health, as lack of sleep can lead to daytime sleepiness, impaired memory, slowed speech, and difficulty multitasking.

✅ उत्तर: Severe sleep deprivation can cause apathy, slowed speech, memory issues, micro sleeps, hallucinations, and lapses in attention, which can be dangerous.

✅ उत्तर: Most healthy adults need about eight hours of sleep per night, though some function well with six hours, while others require ten.

✅ उत्तर: No, the need for sleep does not decrease with age, but older adults may struggle to sleep for six to eight continuous hours.

✅ उत्तर: "Apathy" means a lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern.

Mountaineering is now looked upon as the king of sports. But men have lived amongst the mountains since prehistoric times and in some parts of the world, as in the Andes and Himalayas, difficult mountain journeys have inevitably been part of their everyday life. However, some of the peaks there were easily accessible from most of the cities of Europe. It is quite interesting that while modern mountaineers prefer difficult routes for the greater enjoyment of sport, the early climbers looked for the easiest ones, for the summit was the prize they all set their eyes on. Popular interest in mountaineering increased considerably after the ascent of the Alpine peak of Matterhorn in 1865 and Edward Whymper’s dramatic account of the climb and fatal accident which occurred during the descent. In the risky sport of mountaineering the element of competition between either individuals or teams is totally absent. Rather one can say that the competition is between the team and the peaks themselves. The individuals making up a party must climb together as a team, for they depend upon one another for their safety. Mountaineering can be dangerous unless reasonable precautions are taken. However, the majority of fatal accidents happen to parties which are inexperienced or not properly equipped. Since many accidents are caused due to bad weather, the safe climber is the man who knows when it is time to turn back, however tempting it may be to press on and try to reach the summit.

✅ उत्तर: In regions like the Andes and Himalayas, difficult mountain journeys were necessary for survival and daily life.

✅ उत्तर: Early climbers sought the easiest routes to reach the summit, while modern mountaineers prefer challenging routes for greater adventure and sport.

✅ उत्तर: The ascent of Matterhorn and Edward Whymper’s dramatic account of the climb and accident sparked public interest.

✅ उत्तर: Climbers must take precautions, be well-equipped, and know when to turn back to avoid accidents, especially in bad weather.

✅ उत्तर: Prehistoric – Ancient, before recorded history Ascent – Climb or upward movement Summit – Highest point of a mountain Precautions – Safety measures Tempting – Appealing or attractive

Many of us believe that 'small' means 'insignificant'. We believe that small actions and choices do not have much impact on our lives. We think that it is only the big things, the big actions and the big decisions that really count. But when you look at the lives of all great people, you will see that they built their character through small decisions, small choices and small actions that they performed every day. They transformed their lives through step-by-step or day-by- day approaches. They nurtured and nourished their good habits and chipped away their bad habits, one by one. It was their small day-to-day decisions that added up to make tremendous difference in the long run. Indeed, in matters of personal growth and character building, there is no such thing as an overnight success. Growth always occurs through a sequential series of stages. There is an organic process to growth. When we look at children growing up, we can see this process at work: the child first learns to crawl, then to stand and walk and then finally to run. The same is true in the natural world. The soil must first be tilled and then the seed must be sown. Next, it must be nurtured with enough water and sunlight and only then will it grow into trees laden with ripe fruits. Gandhi understood this organic process and used this universal law of nature to his benefit. GANDHI GREW IN SMALL WAYS, in his day-to-day affairs. He did not wake up one day and found himself to be the 'Mahatma'. In fact, there was nothing much in his early life that showed signs of greatness. But from his mid-twenties onwards, he deliberately and consistently attempted to change himself, reformed himself and grew in some small ways every day. Day by day, hour by hour, he risked failure, experimented and learnt from mistakes. In small as well as large situations, he took up the responsibility rather than avoiding it. This is a common factor in the lives of all great people: they exercise their freedoms and choices in small ways that make a great impact on their lives and their environment. Each of their small decisions and actions add up to have a profound impact in the long run. By understanding this principle, we can move forward, with confidence, in the direction of our dreams. Often when our 'ideal goal' looks too far from us, we become easily discouraged, disheartened and pessimistic. However, when we choose to grow in small ways, by taking small steps one at a time, our achievement becomes easy.

✅ उत्तर: People believe that only big actions and decisions matter, overlooking the impact of small choices in shaping character and life over time.

✅ उत्तर: Great people build character through small daily decisions, nurturing good habits, eliminating bad ones, and growing gradually over time.

✅ उत्तर: Personal growth follows a natural, step-by-step process, similar to how a child learns to walk or how a seed grows into a tree.

✅ उत्तर: Gandhi grew gradually by making small daily improvements, experimenting, learning from failures, and taking responsibility for his actions.

✅ उत्तर: "Profound" means deep, significant, or having a great impact.

Nations are built by the imagination and untiring enthusiastic efforts of generations. One generation transfers the fruits of its toil to another, which then takes forward the mission. As the coming generation also has its dreams and aspirations for the nation's future, it therefore adds something from its side to the national vision, which the next generation strives hard to achieve. This process goes on and the nation climbs steps of glory and gains higher strength. Any organisation, society, or even a nation without a vision is like a ship cruising on the high seas without any aim or direction. It is the clarity of national vision, which constantly drives the people towards the goal. Our last generation, the glorious generation of freedom fighters led by Mahatma Gandhi and many others, set for the nation a vision of Free India. This was the first vision, set by the people for the nation. It, therefore, went deep into the minds and hearts of the masses and soon became the great inspiring and driving force for the people to collectively plunge into the struggle for freedom movement. The unified dedicated efforts of the people from every walk of life won freedom for the country. The next generation has put India strongly on the path of economic, agricultural and technological development. But, India has stood too long in the line of developing nations. Let us, collectively, set the second national vision of Developed India. It means the major transformation of our national economy to make it one of the largest economies in the world; where the countrymen live well above the poverty line, their education and health is of a high standard, national security is reasonably assured, and the core competence in certain major areas gets enhanced significantly so that the production of quality goods, including export, rises and brings all-round prosperity for the countrymen.

✅ उत्तर: Nations are built through the imagination, hard work, and continuous efforts of generations, each contributing to national progress.

✅ उत्तर: A clear national vision directs people toward common goals and prevents a nation from drifting aimlessly like a ship without direction.

✅ उत्तर: The first vision was a Free India, led by Mahatma Gandhi and other freedom fighters, inspiring collective efforts for independence.

✅ उत्तर: The vision of Developed India, which includes economic transformation, poverty eradication, improved education and healthcare, and global economic competitiveness.

✅ उत्तर: ‘Plunge’ means to enter into something with great enthusiasm or commitment.

"The teacher, like the artist, the philosopher, and the man of letters, can only perform his work adequately, if he feels himself to be an individual directed by an inner creative impulse, not dominated and fettered by an outside authority. It is very difficult in this modern world to find a place for the individual. He can subsist at the top as a dictator in a totalitarian state or a plutocratic magnate in a country of large industrial enterprises, but in the realm of the mind it is becoming more and more difficult to preserve independence of the great organized forces that control the livelihoods of men and women. If the world is not to lose the benefit to be derived from its best minds, it will have to find some method of allowing them scope and liberty in spite of organization. This involves a deliberate restraint on the part of those who have power, and a conscious realization that there are men to whom free scope must be afforded. Renaissance Popes could feel this way towards Renaissance artists, but the powerful men of our day seem to have more difficulty in feeling respect for exceptional genius. The turbulence of our times is inimical to the flowering of culture. The man in the street is full of fear, and therefore unwilling to tolerate freedoms for which he sees no need. Perhaps, we must wait for quieter times before the claims of civilization can again override the claims of party spirit. Meanwhile, it is important that some at least continue to realize the limitations of what can be done by organization. Every system should allow loopholes and exceptions, for if it does not, it will in the end, crush all that is best in man.

✅ उत्तर: A teacher must be guided by an inner creative impulse rather than being controlled by external authority.

✅ उत्तर: Powerful organizations and economic forces dominate livelihoods, making intellectual independence hard to preserve.

✅ उत्तर: Renaissance Popes respected and supported genius, whereas modern leaders struggle to appreciate and nurture exceptional talent.

✅ उत्तर: While necessary, every system should allow exceptions to prevent the suppression of creativity and individuality.

✅ उत्तर: ‘Inimical’ means harmful or hostile.

Science is about unravelling nature, and creating a foundation for technology to make life better for humankind. The higher the quality of university education is in a country, the more prosperous and competitive the people. As countries move up the ladder of development, the contributions of hi-tech manufacturing and high value-added services to the GDP become higher and higher. Consequently, today, the comparative advantage of a country is increasingly determined by how well it uses knowledge and innovation. Success in leveraging knowledge and innovation is only possible with a sound infrastructure of higher education. The writer Clark Kerr has said, O' n a global scale, wealth and prosperity have become more dependent on the access to knowledge than the access to natural resources.' The role of education has, thus, become central to the development and competitiveness of an economy. The USA is the finest example of this thesis, since it has built a vibrant educational system which is the second largest in the world. Seventeen of the world's top twenty universities are American. Not only do US universities produce workers to drive economic growth, but they are also world-class incubators of innovation and knowledge creation. American universities currently employ 70 per cent of the world's Nobel Prize winners. They produce about 30 per cent of the entire world's output of articles in science and engineering, and 44 per cent of the most frequently- cited articles. The American education system has helped seed the growth of key “new technology” industries in the USA-the semiconductor, information technology, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries-through the early discoveries of university researchers. In fact, the growth of Silicon Valley was initially driven by electronics and high technology companies around Stanford University which accessed the university's technology expertise and skills. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) alone incubates around 200 companies every year. The result is the enhancement of prosperity and competitiveness of the US economy year after year.

✅ उत्तर: Wealth and prosperity of a country depend upon its access to knowledge and innovation, rather than merely on natural resources. A strong higher education system plays a crucial role in this.

✅ उत्तर: Access to knowledge has far surpassed the advantages of access to natural resources.

✅ उत्तर: The economic growth of the USA is driven by its strong educational system and innovation-based industries.

✅ उत्तर: The author measures the vibrancy of the US educational system by: A. The presence of 17 out of the top 20 universities in the world. B. Employment of 70% of the world’s Nobel Prize winners. C. Contribution of 30% of global scientific articles and 44% of highly cited research papers.

✅ उत्तर: In this context, 'leveraging' means effectively using or utilizing knowledge and innovation to achieve economic growth and development.

Rajasthan, one of the driest states of India, has for centuries taught the world a valuable lesson in water conservation. Long before pipelines and government schemes existed, the people of this arid land had developed remarkable methods of harvesting every drop of rain that fell upon its sandy soil. Structures such as johads, tankas, and baoris were built not by engineers with modern machines, but by ordinary villagers who understood that survival in the desert depended on storing water during the short monsoon for use through the long dry months. A tanka, for instance, is an underground tank built beneath a courtyard to collect rainwater from rooftops, keeping it clean and cool for months. A johad, on the other hand, is a small earthen check-dam that captures rainwater and allows it to seep slowly into the ground, recharging the water table for the entire village. These systems, developed through generations of trial and observation, were remarkably suited to the local climate and required no external energy to operate. In recent decades, as groundwater levels fell due to over-extraction and changing rainfall patterns, many villages returned to reviving these traditional structures instead of relying solely on borewells. Social organisations, working alongside local communities, have restored hundreds of johads and tankas, turning several dry villages green again and reversing large-scale migration in some regions. The revival of these age-old techniques proves an important truth: sustainable solutions to modern environmental problems often already exist in traditional wisdom; they only need to be recognised, respected, and restored rather than replaced entirely by imported technology.

✅ उत्तर: A tanka is an underground tank built beneath a courtyard to collect and store rainwater from rooftops, keeping it clean and cool for months.

✅ उत्तर: A johad is a small earthen check-dam that captures rainwater and allows it to seep slowly into the ground, recharging the water table of the village.

✅ उत्तर: Because groundwater levels fell due to over-extraction and changing rainfall patterns, villages found it more reliable and sustainable to revive johads and tankas instead of depending only on borewells.

✅ उत्तर: In the passage, 'arid' means extremely dry, with very little rainfall — describing Rajasthan's desert-like land.

✅ उत्तर: "Traditional Water Wisdom of Rajasthan" (or: "Reviving Rajasthan's Age-old Water Harvesting Systems").

Books are by far, the most lasting product of human effort. Temples crumble into ruins, pictures and statues decay, but books survive. Time does not destroy the great thoughts contained in books which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their author's mind. These thoughts speak to us through the printed page. The only effect of time has been to throw out of currency the bad products among books. Nothing in literature which is not good can live for long. Good books have always helped man in various spheres of life. No wonder that the world keeps its books with care.

they frighten us    they look nice in a library    they distract us    they help us in various spheres of life
✅ उत्तर: they help us in various spheres of life

easily forgotten    lasting    quickly destroyed    very uninteresting
✅ उत्तर: lasting

put out of use    destory    forget    extinguish
✅ उत्तर: put out of use

Too much importance must not be attached to the wrong acts done by children, particularly if they happen to be of minor nature. Many boys and girls at a young age are likely to be in the habit of stealing, neglecting their studies, slipping out of their classes or using bad language. In nearly every case of root cause of the trouble is the fact that proper care of the child is not taken in the house or sufficient interest is not shown to him. But if the parents were wise, they would correct the faults of their children by paying more attention to them. Whatever the case, one thing should never be done. Bad things in the children should never be repressed, that is, they should not be compelled to change for the better under fear of the rod. Physical punishment does not improve them. It only makes them worse than before.

Watch movies    Go to temples very often.    They are likely to be in the habit of stealing, neglecting their studies, slipping out of their classes or using bad language.    They are likely to obey their parents.
✅ उत्तर: They are likely to be in the habit of stealing, neglecting their studies, slipping out of their classes or using bad language.

the fact that proper care of the child is not taken in the house or sufficient interest is not shown to him.    lot of care of the child is taken in the house and sufficient interest is shown to them.    they are pampered a lot.    they are not spoilt kids.
✅ उत्तर: the fact that proper care of the child is not taken in the house or sufficient interest is not shown to him.

Not to take enough care of the child.    To correct the faults of their children by paying more attention to them.    To give them all latest gadgets.    None of these.
✅ उत्तर: To correct the faults of their children by paying more attention to them.

So that the rod does not break    So that parents can sleep well.    Because physical punishment does not improve them. It only makes them worse than before.    Rods are very expensive.
✅ उत्तर: Because physical punishment does not improve them. It only makes them worse than before.

forced to    love to    hide to    fight to
✅ उत्तर: forced to

Of the many questions that I have been asked by interviewers over the last ten years or so, two have recurred more frequently than others...... 'How did you come into films?' and 'Why did you come into films?' This has generally been asked in the knowledge that I had started my career in advertising as a graphic designer..... After all, both films and advertising deal with consumable commodities and in both you have the spectacle of the conscientious artist striving to express himself in aesthetic terms; while the sponsor, hovering in the background and caring little for Art, concerns himself solely with profits. Somebody – I do not remember who – has defined cinema as the highest form of commercial art. After ten years in this profession, I have no quarrel with that definition.... On the very first day of shooting Pather Panchali, I remember I had a scene where the boy Apu went looking for his sister into a field of tall grass.... But if you are faced with a scene of a boy looking for his sister in a field of tall grass, you are faced with a particular state of mind that produces a special kind of walk, with a special kind of stopping and turning of the head. You also have to calculate the exact duration of the halt, of the exact duration of each turn of head, of the exact moment of resumption of walk..... I like to think that it was a shrewd move on my part to have selected for my first film a story where one had to put the emphasis on the human aspect.

as a film producer    as a director    as a graphic designer    as an actor
✅ उत्तर: as a graphic designer

music    profits    art    direction
✅ उत्तर: profits

cinema    advertising    telecommunication    internet
✅ उत्तर: cinema

Hunt an animal    Play in the field    Plough the land    Look for his sister
✅ उत्तर: Look for his sister

the human aspect    graphic designing    poverty    agricultural fields
✅ उत्तर: the human aspect

Have you ever, thought of the most important activity at your workplace? The answer is communication. It is an activity which consumes most of the time of an employee/employer. It is therefore imperative to make these communications effective, so that it takes lesser time of the receiver. There is always a purpose in communication. Generally the purpose of oral communication is aimed to elict and immegiateresponse. Written communication is to facilitate informed decisions and actions. Thus while the objective of oral communication is to earn an Audience, written is to earn a reader. Business writing depends on its purpose. The purpose of a Memo is to set up a meeting (internally). A letter is meant to respond to a query or put up one, a proposal to persuade (credibly) while a Report is aimed at presenting a case a problem, an analysis or a solution. What is important is to communicate effectively. This is difficult. An effective written communication involves proper structure, language, tone and style (Jargon must be kept out). Business writing is not so much a matter of creativity, rather it is a skill -subject to certain rules. Oral communication is immediate, spontaneous very often. All said and one without communication nothing will move in an organisation. Communication greases the wheels of activity in every organisation.

impressive and praiseworthy    explicit and to the point    effective and purposeful    ambiguous and full of jargon.
✅ उत्तर: effective and purposeful

Proper structure    Clarity of language    Simplicity    Use of Jargon
✅ उत्तर: Use of Jargon

a proposal to persuade    a presentation of a case    a notification    a query
✅ उत्तर: a presentation of a case

creativity    skill    imaginative planning    Adherence to principles
✅ उत्तर: skill

Spectators    A congregation    An audience    Readers
✅ उत्तर: An audience

Vishwaditya, a great and powerful king, heard that a great physician who lived in the neighbouring kingdom had invented an edible medicinal substance which, if eaten with sweetmeat, would give one a long life. He invited the physician to his kingdom. The physician arrived with four sweetmeat balls mixed with the magic substance. The delighted king ordered his soldiers to bring a big garland of fragrant flowers to honour the physician. The physician removed the precious cloth with which he had covered the plate of sweetmeat balls. The joy of the king knew no bounds on seeing the contents of the plate. Just as the physician was about to offer the sweetmeat balls to the king, the court jester rushed forward, picked up a ball and began eating it. Everyone present in the court was shocked. "Take hold of the madcap!" shouted the king. The king's bodyguards obeyed. The half eaten ball fell from the jester's hand. "How dare you touch the magic thing meant for me?" Be ready for the consequence - Death!" The jester started weeping. "No use crying", said the king. "I am crying for you, my Lord!" replied the jester. "Why?" asked the king. "My Lord by eating only half of the magic thing I am going to die, what will happen to you if you eat all of it?" The king saw sense in what the jester said. He realised his mistake and rewarded the jester generously.

the king was very happy.    the king was pleased.    the king was shocked.    the king was unmoved.
✅ उत्तर: the king was very happy.

Cheap    Ordinary    Simple    Ugly
✅ उत्तर: Cheap

does research connected with physics.    treats people who are ill.    studies the nature of life.    Non of theses
✅ उत्तर: treats people who are ill.

The physician lived in a far-off country.    The king was credulous.    The magic substance had been tested to prove its efficacy.    The messengers caught hold of the physician.
✅ उत्तर: The king was credulous.

is employed by the king to amuse him.    is generally fond of sweetmeants.    laughs at the king.    likes to eat a lot.
✅ उत्तर: is employed by the king to amuse him.

Books are the chief carriers of civilization; because of them ideas live and spread. How important books are, you can judge from the fact that very hot countries, as is well known are slow in becoming civilized in the modern sense. There are many reasons for this but one of the most important is that hte white ants, which live in tropics, eat up all the books. For example, in tropical South America, there are practically no books forty or fifty years old. Where there are no books, there are no records and no literature, the ideas and knowledge of one generation can only be handed down by word of mouth, and it is much more difficult for the race to progress and become civilized. But it is no use having books unless people can read them, and learning to read is a part of what is called education.

They are eaten up by white ants.    Ideas live and spread because of them.    They are kept in libraries.    People study them.
✅ उत्तर: Ideas live and spread because of them.

Not so hot not so cold countries    Very cold countries.    Very hot countries    Luke warm countries.
✅ उत्तर: Very hot countries

Lack of records.    Lack of literature    Lack of progress.    All the above
✅ उत्तर: Lack of progress.

They are torn as rituals.    Tne people there do not like them.    They are not maintained properly.    The white ants eat them up.
✅ उत्तर: The white ants eat them up.

Buying them.    Becoming rich.    Reading them.    Lending them.
✅ उत्तर: Reading them.

Old Philemon and his wife Baucis lived in a little cottage on the slope of a hill in Greece. Their cottage was a short distance from a village which lay in the hollow at the foot of the ill. They were quite poor and had to work hard for their living, but they had enough to supply their own needs and also to help others. Philemon cultivated a strip of land and grew vegetables and fruit, and corn which Baucis made into bread. They had a cow, which supplied them with milk and butter, a few fowls to provide eggs and bees to give honey. Neighbours often called to ask for a favour, such as 'could you let me have some fresh vegetables?' or 'could you come, Baucis, and see my wife who is ill?" They never refused a request or sent a stranger away without helping him.

Greece    village    India    None of these
✅ उत्तर: Greece

They were quite poor    their living    1 & 2 both    None of these
✅ उत्तर: 1 & 2 both

Enough    Help    Cultivated    None of these
✅ उत्तर: Help

They never refused a request or sent a stranger away without helping him    They had a cow, which suplied them with milk and butter.    They were quite poor and had to work hard for their living.    None of these
✅ उत्तर: They never refused a request or sent a stranger away without helping him

Poor    Stranger    Cultivated    None of these
✅ उत्तर: Stranger

The Russian writer, Leo Tolstoy, gave up a life of wealth and comfort in order to help the poor. He taught that all types of violence were wicked and that all people ought to live together in love and to cooperate with one another. Gandhi was very much interested in his writings and teachings. Indeed the two great men must have been alike in many of their ideas. In one of his stories Tolstoy describes a certain village in Russia where a peasant named Ivan lived. Everyone thought that he must be a very happy man, for he was comfortably off and lacked nothing that he needed. He had three sons, all of them were able to work. The eldest was married and the second was going to be married and the youngest was able to look after the horses. His wife was an extremely capable woman and his daughter-in-law was steady and hard-working. Ivan's old father lived with them, but he was now an invalid and had no longer any control over his son. Their fields produced good crops and they had quite enough food for their own needs. All their clothes, coats, shirts, trousers, socks and dresses were made by the two women. Unfortunately, however, the members of the family were not nearly as contented as they ought to have been. This was because of a quarrel between them and their next-door neighbour, limping Gabriel.

All types of violence were wicked    That all people ought to live together in love and to cooperate with one another    1 and 2 both    None of these
✅ उत्तर: 1 and 2 both

similarity in many of their ideas.    their friend    1 and 2 both    None of these
✅ उत्तर: 1 and 2 both

He was comfortably off    Lacked nothing that he needed.    1 and 2 both    None of these
✅ उत्तर: 1 and 2 both

Invalid    Married    Interested    None of these
✅ उत्तर: Invalid

Invalid    Tallest    young    Youngest
✅ उत्तर: Youngest